preliminary chemical engineering plant design free download

contents

1 . INTRODUCTION TO PROCESS DESIGN 1
Research, 2. Other Sources of Innovations, 3. Process Engineering,
4. Professional Responsibilities, 7. Competing Processes,
8 . Typical Problems a Process Engineer Tackles, 9. Comparison with
A l t e r n a t i v e s , 1 4 . C o m p l e t i n g t h e Project, 16. Units,
17. References, 18. Bibliography, 18.
2 . SITE SELECTION
Major Site Location Factors, 25. Other Site Location Factors, 34. Case
Study: Site Selection, 48. References, 54.
23
3 . THE SCOPE 57
The Product, 60. Capacity, 60. Quality, 66. Raw Material Storage,
67. Product Storage, 68. The Process, 69. Waste Disposal,
Utilities, Shipping and Laboratory Requirements, 70. Plans for Future Expansion,
70. Hours of Operation, 71. Completion Date,
71. Safety, 71. Case Study: Scope, 72. Scope Summary,
75. References, 78.
4 . PROCESS DESIGN AND SAFETY
Chemistry, 79. Separations, 80. Unit Ratio Material Balance,
8 4 . Detailed Flow Sheet, 85. Safety, 89. Case Study: Process Design,
97. Change of Scope, 103. References, 103.
5 . EQUIPMENT LIST
Sizing of Equipment, 106. Planning for Future Expansion,
111. Materials of Construction, 113. Temperature and Pressure,
113. Laboratory Equipment, 114. Completion of Equipment List,
114. Rules of Thumb, 114. Case Study: Major Equipment Required,
117. Change of Scope, 132. References, 133.
6. LAYOUT 141
79
105
New Plant Layout, 141. Expansion and Improvements of Existing
Facilities, 152. Case Study: Layout and Warehouse Requirements,
153. References, 158.
vii
PROCESS CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION
Product Quality 160. Product Quantity, 160. Plant Safety,
161. Manual or Automatic Control, 161. Control System,
162. Variables to be Measured, 162. Final Control Element,
163. Control and Instrumentation Symbols, 164. Averaging versus Set
Point Control, 166. Material Balance Control, 167. Tempered Heat
Transfer, 168. Cascade Control, 170. Feedforward Control,
171. Blending, 172. Digital Control, 172. Pneumatic versus Electronic
Equipment, 173. Case Study: Instrumentation and Control,
174. References, 180.
159
8. ENERGY AND UTILITY BALANCES
AND MANPOWER NEEDS 181
Conservation of Energy, 182. Energy Balances, 183. Sizing Energy
Equipment, 191. Planning for Expansion, 204. Lighting,
205. Ventilation, Space Heating and Cooling, and Personal Water Requirements,
207. Utility Requirements, 209. Manpower Requirements,
210. Rules of Thumb, 2 11. Case Study: Energy Balance and
Utility Assessment, 213. Change of Scope, 231. References, 232.
9 . COST ESTIMATION 237
Cost Indexes, 237. How Capacity Affects Costs, 239. Factored Cost
Estimate, 246. Improvements on the Factored Estimate, 249. Module
Cost Estimation, 254. Unit Operations Estimate, 258. Detailed Cost
Estimate, 263. Accuracy of Estimates, 264. Case Study: Capital Cost
Estimation, 264. References, 275.
1 0 . ECONOMICS
Cost of Producing a Chemical, 28 1. Capital, 284. Elementary Profitability
Measures, 285. Time Value of Money, 293. Compound Interest,
295. Net Present Value-A Good Profitability Measure, 307. Rate of
Return-Another Good Profitability Measure, 311. Comparison of Net
Present Value and Rate of Return Methods, 316. Proper Interest Rates,
317. Expected Return on the Investment, 323. Case Study: Economic
Evaluation, 324. Problems, 330. References, 338.
1 1 . DEPRECIATION, AMORTIZATION, DEPLETION
AND INVESTMENT CREDIT
Depreciation, 339. Amortization, 348. Depletion Allowance,
348. Investment Credit, 349. Special Tax Rules, 350. Case Study:
The Net Present Value and Rate of Return, 350. Problems.
351. References, 352.
1 2 . DETAILED ENGINEERING,
CONSTRUCTION, AND STARTUP
Detailed Engineering, 353. Construction 361. Startup,
PLANNING TOOLS-CPM AND PERT
CPM, 370. Manpower and Equipment Leveling, 376. Cost and
Schedule Control, 380. Time for Completing Activity, 380.
Computers, 381. PERT, 382. Problems, 386. References, 390.
OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES
Starting Point, 392. One-at-a-Time Procedure, 393. Single Variable
Gptimizations, 396. Multivariable Optimizations, 396. End Game,
409. Algebraic Objective Functions, 409. Optimizing Optimizations ,
409. Optimization and Process Design, 410. References, 412.
DIGITAL COMPUTERS AND PROCESS ENGINEERING
Computer Programs, 416. Sensitivity, 420. Program Sources,
420. Evaluation of Computer Programs, 421. References, 422.
POLLUTION AND ITS ABATEMENT
What is Pollution?, 424. Determining Pollution Standards,
425. Meeting Pollution Standards, 428. Air Pollution Abatement
Methods, 431. Water Pollution Abatement Methods, 437. BOD and
COD, 447. Concentrated Liquid and Solid Waste Treatment Procedures,

 

download from here

Analytical Chemistry Handbook free doenload

contents

PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS
OF ANALYSIS
1.1
1.1 SAMPLING 1.2
1.1.1 Handling the Sample in the Laboratory 1.2
1.1.2 Sampling Methodology 1.3
1.2 MIXING AND REDUCTION OF SAMPLE VOLUME 1.6
1.2.1 Introduction 1.6
1.2.2 Coning and Quartering 1.6
Figure 1.1 Coning Samples 1.7
Figure 1.2 Quartering Samples 1.7
1.2.3 Riffles 1.7
1.3 CRUSHING AND GRINDING 1.8
1.3.1 Introduction 1.8
1.3.2 Pulverizing and Blending 1.8
Table 1.1 Sample Reduction Equipment 1.9
Table 1.2 Properties of Grinding Surfaces 1.10
1.3.3 Precautions in Grinding Operations 1.11
1.4 SCREENING AND BLENDING 1.11
Table 1.3 U.S. Standard Sieve Series 1.12
1.5 MOISTURE AND DRYING 1.12
1.5.1 Forms of Water in Solids 1.13
1.5.2 Drying Samples 1.14
Table 1.4 Drying Agents 1.14
Table 1.5 Solutions for Maintaining Constant Humidity 1.15
1.5.3 Drying Collected Crystals 1.15
Table 1.6 Concentrations of Solutions of H2SO4, NaOH, and CaCl2 Giving
Specified Vapor Pressures and Percent Humidities at 25°C 1.16
1.5.4 Drying Organic Solvents 1.16
Table 1.7 Relative Humidity from Wet- and Dry-Bulb Thermometer Readings 1.17
Table 1.8 Relative Humidity from Dew-Point Readings 1.18
1.5.5 Freeze-Drying 1.19
1.5.6 Hygroscopic lon-Exchange Membrane 1.19
1.5.7 Microwave Drying 1.19
Table 1.9 Chemical Resistance of a Hygroscopic lon-Exchange Membrane 1.20
1.5.8 Critical-Point Drying 1.20
Table 1.10 Transitional and Intermediate Fluids for Critical-Point Drying 1.21
1.5.9 Karl Fischer Method for Moisture Measurement 1.21
1.6 THE ANALYTICAL BALANCE AND WEIGHTS 1.22
1.6.1 Introduction 1.22
Table 1.11 Classification of Balances by Weighing Range 1.23
1.6.2 General-Purpose Laboratory Balances 1.23
Table 1.12 Specifications of Balances 1.23
1.6.3 Mechanical Analytical Balances 1.24
1.6.4 Electronic Balances 1.24
1.6.5 The Weighing Station 1.26
1.6.6 Air Buoyancy 1.27
1.6.7 Analytical Weights 1.27
Table 1.13 Tolerances for Analytical Weights 1.27
1.7 METHODS FOR DISSOLVING THE SAMPLE 1.28
1.7.1 Introduction 1.28
1.7.2 Decomposition of Inorganic Samples 1.29
Table 1.14 Acid Digestion Bomb-Loading Limits 1.31
Table 1.15 The Common Fluxes 1.33
Table 1.16 Fusion Decompositions with Borates in Pt or Graphite Crucibles 1.34
1.7.3 Decomposition of Organic Compounds 1.34
Table 1.17 Maximum Amounts of Combustible Material Recommended
for Various Bombs 1.36
Table 1.18 Combustion Aids for Accelerators 1.36
1.7.4 Microwave Technology 1.38
Table 1.19 Typical Operating Parameters for Microwave Ovens 1.39
1.7.5 Other Dissolution Methods 1.41
Table 1.20 Dissolution with Complexing Agents 1.41
Table 1.21 Dissolution with Cation Exchangers (H Form) 1.42
Table 1.22 Solvents for Polymers 1.42
1.8 FILTRATION 1.42
1.8.1 Introduction 1.42
1.8.2 Filter Media 1.43
Table 1.23 General Properties of Filter Papers and Glass Microfibers 1.44
Table 1.24 Membrane Filters 1.47
Table 1.25 Membrane Selection Guide 1.47
Table 1.26 Hollow-Fiber Ultrafiltration Cartridge Selection Guide 1.48
Table 1.27 Porosities of Fritted Glassware 1.49
Table 1.28 Cleaning Solutions for Fritted Glassware 1.49
1.8.3 Filtering Accessories 1.49
1.8.4 Manipulations Associated with the Filtration Process 1.50
1.8.5 Vacuum Filtration 1.51
1.9 SPECIFICATIONS FOR VOLUMETRIC WARE 1.52
1.9.1 Volumetric Flasks 1.52
Table 1.29 Tolerances of Volumetric Flasks 1.52
1.9.2 Volumetric Pipettes 1.52
Table 1.30 Pipette Capacity Tolerances 1.53
1.9.3 Micropipettes 1.53
Table 1.31 Tolerances of Micropipettes (Eppendorf) 1.53
1.9.4 Burettes 1.54
Table 1.32 Burette Accuracy Tolerances 1.54
SECTION 2
PRELIMINARY SEPARATION
METHODS
2.1 COMPLEX FORMATION, MASKING, AND DEMASKING REACTIONS 2.3
2.1.1 Complex Equilibria Involving Metals 2.3
Table 2.1 Overall Formation Constants for Metal Complexes
with Organic Ligands 2.6
Table 2.2 Overall Formation Constants for Metal Complexes
with Inorganic Ligands 2.9
2.1.2 Masking 2.11
Table 2.3 Masking Agents for Ions of Various Elements 2.12
Table 2.4 Masking Agents for Anions and Neutral Molecules 2.14
2.1.3 Demasking 2.15
Table 2.5 Common Demasking Agents 2.16
2.2 EXTRACTION METHODS 2.17
2.2.1 Solvent Extraction Systems 2.17
2.2.2 Extraction of Formally Neutral Species 2.20
Table 2.6 Properties of Selected Solvents 2.21
Figure 2.1 Log D vs. pH for a Weak Acid (RCOOH Type) with
KHA 6.7 109 and Kd 720 2.22
Table 2.7 Extraction of Systems Having Simple, Nonpolar Species
in Both the Organic Solvent and Aqueous Phase 2.23
Table 2.8 Percentage Extraction of Metals as Chlorides with
Oxygen-Type Solvents 2.24
Table 2.9 Percent Extraction of Elements as Thiocyanates with
Diethyl Ether from 0.5M HCl Solutions 2.26
2.2.3 Metal-Chelate Systems 2.26
Table 2.10 Percentage Extraction of Metals into Tributyl Phosphate
from HCl Solutions 2.27
Table 2.11 Percent Extraction of Elements from Nitric Acid by
Tributyl Phosphate 2.28
Table 2.12 Percentage Extraction of Metals from HCl Solution by
a 5% Solution of Trioctylphosphine Oxide in Toluene 2.29
Table 2.13 Percent Extraction of Elements by 5% Trioctylphosphine Oxide
(in Toluene) from Nitric Acid Solution 2.29
Table 2.14 Percentage Extraction of Metals from HCl Solution with
Di-(2-Ethylhexyl)phosphoric Acid (50% in Toluene) 2.30
Table 2.15 Extraction of Elements from Nitric Acid Solution
with Di-(2-Ethylhexyl)phosphoric Acid 2.31
Figure 2.2 Distribution of Zinc as a Function of Aqueous Hydrogen-Ion
Concentration for Three Stated Concentrations of Chelating
Agent in CCl4 2.32
Table 2.16 Extraction of Metal 8-Hydroxyquinolates (Oxines) with CHCl3 2.33
Table 2.17 pH Ranges for Extractability of Diethyldithiocarbamates
with Carbon Tetrachloride 2.34
Table 2.18 Chelate Solvent Extraction Systems for the Separation
of Elements 2.35
2.2.4 Ion-Association Systems 2.36
Table 2.19 Percent Extraction of Tetraphenylarsonium Anions with CHCl3 2.37
Table 2.20 Percentage Extraction of Metals from HCl Solution with 0.11M
Triisooctylamine in Xylene 2.38
2.2.5 Chelation and Ion Association 2.39
2.2.6 Summary of Extraction Methods for the Elements 2.40
2.2.7 Laboratory Manipulations 2.40
2.2.8 Continuous Liquid–Liquid Extractions 2.40
Table 2.21 Extraction Procedures for the Elements 2.41
Table 2.22 Recoveries by Solvent Extraction under Various Conditions 2.53
Figure 2.3 High-Density Liquid Extractor 2.53
Figure 2.4 Low-Density Liquid Extractor 2.54
2.2.9 Extraction of a Solid Phase 2.54
Figure 2.5 Soxhlet Extractor 2.55
Figure 2.6 Extraction of Solids with the Soxtec® System 2.56
Table 2.23 Solid-Phase Extraction Packings and Polarity Classification 2.56
2.2.10 Supercritical-Fluid Extraction 2.57
Table 2.24 Characteristics of Selected Supercritical Fluids 2.57
2.3 ION-EXCHANGE METHODS (NORMAL PRESSURE, COLUMNAR) 2.59
2.3.1 Chemical Structure of Ion-Exchange Resins 2.59
Table 2.25 Guide to Ion-Exchange Resins 2.61
Table 2.26 Conversion of Ion-Exchange Resins 2.64
Table 2.27 Gel Filtration Media 2.65
2.3.2 Functional Groups 2.66
2.3.3 Exchange Equilibrium 2.66
Table 2.28 Relative Selectivity of Various Counter Cations 2.67
Table 2.29 Relative Selectivity of Various Counter Anions 2.68
2.3.4 Applications 2.70
Table 2.30 Distribution Coefficients (Dg) of Metal Ions on
AG 50W-8X Resin in HCl Solutions 2.72
Table 2.31 Distribution Coefficients (Dg) of Metal Ions on
AG 50W-X8 Resin in Perchloric Acid Solutions 2.73
Table 2.32 Distribution Coefficients (Dg) of Metal Ions on
AG 50W-X8 Resin in Nitric Acid Solutions 2.74
Table 2.33 Distribution Coefficients (Dg) of Metal Ions on
AG 50W-X8 Resin in H2SO4Solutions 2.75
Table 2.34 Distribution Coefficients (Dg) of Metal Ions on
AG 50W-X8 Resin in 0.2N Acid Solutions 2.76
Table 2.35 Distribution Coefficients (Dv) of Metal Ions on
AG 1-10X in HCl Solutions 2.78
2.4 DISTILLATION OR VAPORIZATION METHODS 2.78
Table 2.36 Distribution Coefficients (Dg) of Metal Ions on
AG 1-8X in H2SO4Solutions 2.79
2.4.1 Simple Batch Distillation 2.79
Table 2.37 Metal Separations on Ion Exchangers 2.80
Table 2.38 Selected Applications of Ion Exchange for the Separation
of a Particular Element from Other Elements or Ions 2.82
Table 2.39 Separations by Ligand-Exchange Chromatography 2.90
2.4.2 Inorganic Applications 2.90
Table 2.40 Approximate Percentage of Element Volatilized from
20- to 100-mg Portions at 200 to 220 C by Distillation
with Various Acids 2.91
2.4.3 Distillation of a Mixture of Two Liquids 2.95
2.4.4 Fractional Distillation 2.95
Table 2.41 Theoretical Plates Required for Separation in Terms of
Boiling-Point Difference and 2.97
Table 2.42 Distillation Behavior of Binary Mixtures of Organic Compounds 2.98
Table 2.43 Azeotropic Data 2.104
Table 2.44 Vapor-Pressure Ratios of Binary Mixtures 2.109
2.4.5 Azeotropic Distillation 2.111
2.4.6 Column Designs 2.112
Figure 2.7 Packings for Fractionating Columns 2.113
Figure 2.8 Teflon Spinning Band Column 2.114
2.4.7 Total-Reflux Partial Takeoff Heads 2.114
2.4.8 Vacuum Distillation 2.114
Figure 2.9 Total-Reflux Partial-Takeoff Still Head 2.115
2.4.9 Steam Distillation 2.115
2.4.10 Molecular Distillation 2.116
2.4.11 Sublimation 2.117
2.5 CARRIER COPRECIPITATION AND CHEMICAL REDUCTION METHODS 2.117
2.5.1 Coprecipitation and Gathering 2.117
2.5.2 Reduction to the Metal 2.118
Table 2.45 Preconcentration by Coprecipitation and Gathering 2.119

3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.1
3.1.1 Errors in Quantitative Analysis 3.2
3.1.2 Representation of Sets of Data 3.2
3.2 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION OF MEASUREMENTS 3.3
Figure 3.1 The Normal Distribution Curve 3.3
Table 3.1a Ordinates (Y) of the Normal Distribution Curve at Values of z 3.5
3.3 STANDARD DEVIATION AS A MEASURE OF DISPERSION 3.5
Table 3.1b Areas Under the Normal Distribution Curve from 0 to z 3.6
3.4 THEORETICAL DISTRIBUTIONS AND TESTS OF SIGNIFICANCE 3.7
3.4.1 Student’s Distribution or t Test 3.7
Table 3.2 Percentile Values for Student t Distribution 3.9
3.4.2 Hypotheses About Means 3.10
3.4.3 The Chi-Square (c2) Distribution 3.12
Table 3.3 Percentile Values for the c2 Distribution 3.13
3.4.4 The F Statistic 3.13
Table 3.4 F Distribution 3.14
3.5 CURVE FITTING 3.16
3.5.1 The Least Squares or Best-Fit Line 3.17
3.5.2 Errors in the Slope and Intercept of the Best-Fit Line 3.19
3.6 CONTROL CHARTS 3.21
3.7 CONCEPTS OF QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAMS 3.22
3.7.1 Quality Assurance Plans 3.22
3.7.2 Quality Control 3.22
3.8 METHOD DETECTION LIMIT (MDL) 3.24
Bibliography 3.24
4.1 INORGANIC GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS 4.2
Table 4.1 Ionic Product Constant of Water 4.2
Table 4.2 Solubility Products 4.3
Table 4.3 Elements Precipitated by General Analytical Reagents 4.9
Table 4.4 Summary of the Principal Methods for the Separation
and Gravimetric Determinations of the Elements 4.11
Table 4.5 Heating Temperatures, Composition of Weighing Forms,
and Gravimetric Factors 4.22
Table 4.6 Metal 8-Hydroxyquinolates 4.24
4.2 ACID–BASE TITRATIONS IN AQUEOUS MEDIA 4.26
4.2.1 Primary Standards 4.26
Table 4.7 Compositions of Constant-Boiling Hydrochloric Acid Solutions 4.26
Table 4.8 Densities and Compositions of Hydrochloric Acid Solutions 4.27
Table 4.9 Primary Standards for Aqueous Acid–Base Titrations 4.28
4.2.2. Indicators 4.29
Table 4.10 Indicators for Aqueous Acid–Base Titrations and pH Determinations 4.29
Table 4.11 Mixed Indicators for Acid–Base Titrations 4.32
Table 4.12 Fluorescent Indicators for Acid–Base Titrations 4.33
4.2.3 Equilibrium Constants of Acids 4.35
Figure 4.1 Range of pKa Values of Dissociating Groups 4.35
Table 4.13 Selected Equilibrium Constants in Aqueous Solutions
at Various Temperatures 4.36
4.2.4 Titration Curves and Precision in Aqueous Acid–Base Titrations 4.42
4.2.5 Calculation of the Approximate pH Value of Solutions 4.47
4.2.6 Calculation of Concentrations of Species Present at a Given pH 4.47
4.2.7 Volumetric Factors for Acid–Base Titrations 4.47
4.3 ACID–BASE TITRATIONS IN NONAQUEOUS MEDIA 4.47
Table 4.14 Volumetric (Titrimetric) Factors for Acid–Base Titrations 4.48
4.3.1 Solvents 4.50
Table 4.15 Properties of Common Acid–Base Solvents 4.51
Figure 4.2 Approximate Potential Ranges in Nonaqueous Solvents 4.52
Figure 4.3 Schematic Representation of Autoprotolysis Ranges of Selected
Solvents, in Relation to the Intrinsic Strength of Certain Index Acids 4.52
4.3.2 Preparation and Standardization of Reagents 4.54
4.3.3 Acidities and Basicities of Acids and Bases in Nonaqueous Solvents 4.55
Table 4.16 pKa Values for Various Acids and Indicators in Nonaqueous Systems 4.56
4.3.4 Titration Curves in Nonaqueous Acid–Base Systems 4.57
Table 4.17 Selected Titration Methods in Nonaqueous Media 4.58
4.4 PRECIPITATION TITRATIONS 4.60
4.4.1 Titration Curves and Precision in Precipitation Titrations 4.60
Figure 4.4 Titration Curves for the Precipitation Titration X R XR 4.61
Table 4.18 Standard Solutions for Precipitation Titrations 4.62
4.4.2 Applications 4.63
4.5 OXIDATION–REDUCTION TITRATIONS 4.63
4.5.1 Titration Curves and Precision in Redox Titrations 4.63
Table 4.19 Indicators for Precipitation Titrations 4.64
Table 4.20 Titration Methods Based on Precipitation 4.66
Table 4.21 Potentials of Selected Half-Reactions at 25°C 4.68

download from here

4.1

Reactive Chemical Hazards Sixth Edition Handbook

Contents

Volume 1
INTRODUCTION
Aims of the Handbook xi
Scope and Source Coverage xi
General Arrangement xii
Specific Chemical Entries (Volume 1) xiii
Grouping of Reactants xiv
General Group Entries (Volume 2) xv
Nomenclature xv
Cross-reference System xvii
Information Content of Individual Entries xvii
REACTIVE CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Basics xix
Kinetic Factors xix
Adiabatic Systems xxii
Reactivity vs. Composition and Structure xxii
Reaction Mixtures xxiii
Protective Measures xxiv
SPECIFIC CHEMICALS
(Elements and compounds arranged in formula order)

APPENDIX 1 Source Title Abbreviations used in Handbook
References 1927
APPENDIX 2 Tabulated Fire-related Data 1937
APPENDIX 3 Glossary of Abbreviations and Technical Terms 1947
APPENDIX 4 Index of Chemical Names and Serial Numbers used as
Titles in Volume 1 1951
APPENDIX 5 Index of CAS Registry Numbers and Text Serial
Numbers 2081

download from here

Chemistry of Textile Finishing free download

CHAPTER 1
PREPARATION PROCESSES
CHAPTER 2
CHEMISTRY OF YARN AND
FABRIC PREPARATION
CHAPTER 3.
SCOURING
CHAPTER 4
BLEACHING
CHAPTER 5
OTHER PROCESSES
CHAPTER 6
MECHANICAL ASPECTS of
CHEMICAL FINISHING 
CHAPTER 7
DURABLE PRESS FINISHES
CHAPTER 8
HAND MODIFICATION
CHAPTER 9
REPELLENT FINISHES
CHAPTER 10
SOIL-RELEASE FINISHES
CHAPTER 11
FLAME RETARDANT FINISHES
CHAPTER 12
OTHER FINISHES
CHAPTER 13
MECHANICAL FINISHING

download from here

Chemical Reactor Design - Peter Harriott free download

content

Preface
Appendix Diffusion Coefficients for Binary Gas Mixtures
1. Homogeneous Kinetics
Definitions and Review of Kinetics for Homogeneous Reactions
Scaleup and Design Procedures
Interpretation of Kinetic Data
Complex Kinetics
Nomenclature
Problems
References
2. Kinetic Models for Heterogeneous Reactions
Basic Steps for Solid-Catalyzed Reactions
External Mass Transfer Control
Models for Surface Reaction
Rate of Adsorption Controlling
Allowing for Two Slow Steps
Desorption Control
Changes in Catalyst Structure
Catalyst Decay
Nomenclature
Problems
References
3. Ideal Reactors
Batch Reactor Design
Continuous-Flow Reactors
Plug-Flow Reactors
Pressure Drop in Packed Beds
Nomenclature
Problems
References
4. Diffusion and Reaction in Porous Catalysts
Catalyst Structure and Properties
Random Capillary Model
Diffusion of Gases in Small Pores
Effective Diffusivity
Pore Size Distribution
Diffusion of Liquids in Catalysts
Effect of Pore Diffusion on Reaction Rate
Optimum Pore Size Distribution
Nomenclature
Problems
References
5. Heat and Mass Transfer in Reactors
Stirred-Tank Reactor
Reactor Stability
Packed-Bed Tubular Reactors
Radial Heat Transfer in Packed Beds
Alternate Models
Nomenclature
Problems
References
6. Nonideal Flow
Mixing Times
Pipeline Reactors
Packed-Bed Reactors
Nomenclature
Problems
References
7. Gas–Liquid Reactions
Consecutive Mass Transfer and Reaction
Simultaneous Mass Transfer and Reaction
Instantaneous Reaction
Penetration Theory
Gas-Film Control
Effect of Mass Transfer on Selectivity
Summary of Possible Controlling Steps
Types of Gas–Liquid Reactors
Bubble Columns
Stirred-Tank Reactors
Packed-Bed Reactors
Nomenclature
Problems
References
8. Multiphase Reactors
Slurry Reactors
Fixed-Bed Reactors
Nomenclature
Problems
References
9. Fluidized-Bed Reactors
Minimum Fluidization Velocity
Types of Fluidization
Reactor Models
The Two-Phase Model
The Interchange Parameter K
Model V: Some Reaction in Bubbles
Axial Dispersion
Selectivity
Heat Transfer
Commercial Applications
Nomenclature
Problems
References
10. Novel Reactors
Riser Reactors
Monolithic Catalysts
Wire-Screen Catalysts
Reactive Distillation
Nomenclature
Problems
References

download from here

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN PROJECT free download

content

Introduction 1
I How to Use This Book 1
(A) The Case Study Approach 1
(B) A "Road Map" 2
II Some Advice 3
(A) General Advice to the Student 3
(B) Advice from a Former Design Project Student 4
(C) To the Lecturer 5
(D) The Designer or Project Engineer 7
III Presentation of Design Projects 7
(A) Effective Communications 7
(B) General Comments on Preparation of Literature Surveys 9
IV Details of Particular Design Projects, and Information Sources 14
(A) IChemE Design Projects 14
Instructions for the IChemE Design Project, 1980 16
(B) Information Sources 20
PART 1 TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY STUDY
Chapter 1 The Design Problem 27
1.1 Initial Considerations and Specification 27
1.1.1 The Feasibility Study 27
1.1.2 Time Management 28
1.1.3 Stages in a Design Problem 28
1.1.4 The Search for Information 28
1.1.5 Scope of the Project 29
1.1.6 Evaluating the Alternatives - Making Decisions 29
Some Questions to Ask for the Chemical to be Produced 30
Further Reading 30

Case Study: Production of Phthalic Anhydride 31
Overall Summary for the Technical and Economic Feasibility Study 31
1.2 Case Study - Defining the Problem and Background Information 32
Summary 32
1.2.1 Background and Objectives 32
1.2.2 Chemical Structure and Physical Properties 32
1.2.3 Applications and Uses 33
1.2.4 Basic Chemistry 33
1.2.5 Evaluation of Alternative Processing Schemes 34
1.2.6 Conclusions 35
1.2.7 Recommendations 35
Chapter 2 Feasibility Study and Market Survey 37
2.1 Initial Feasibility Study 37
2.2 Preliminary Market Survey/Economic Analysis 37
References 40
2. 3 Information Sources 40
2.4 Evaluation of Available Literature 41
2.5 Considerations for Literature Surveys 42
References 42
2.6 Case Study - Feasibility Study and Market Assessment 43
Summary 43
2.6.1 Market Assessment 43
2.6.1.1 Production: Worldwide 43
2.6.1.2 Production: Regional 44
2.6.1.3 Production: National 44
2.6.2 Current and Future Prices 45
2.6.3 Demand 45
2.6.4 Australian Imports and Exports 46
2.6.5 Plant Capacity 46
2.6.6 Product Value and Operating Costs 47
2.6.6.1 Capital Costs 47
2.6.6.2 Operating Costs 47
2.6.6.3 Approximate Selling Price 47
2.6.7 Conclusions 48
2.6.8 Recommendations 49
Chapter 3 Process Selection, Process Description and Equipment List 51
3.1 Process Selection Considerations 51
3.1.1 Flow Diagrams - PFD and P&ID 51
3.1.2 The Reactor 51
3.1.3 Product Purity 52
3.1.4 Process Conditions 52

3.1.5 Process Data 52
3.1.6 Energy Efficiency 52
3.1.7 Factors in Process Evaluation and Selection 53
3.1.8 Choices and Compromises 53
3.1.9 The Optimum Design 54
3.1.10 Process Control and Instrumentation 54
References 54
3.2 Process Description 55
3.3 Preparing the Equipment List 55
3.4 Rules of Thumb 56
3.5 Safety Considerations and Preliminary HAZOP Study 57
References 57
3.6 Case Study - Process Selection and Equipment List 58
Summary 58
3.6.1 Trends in Phthalic Anhydride Processing 58
3.6.2 Raw Material 58
3.6.3 Process Configurations 59
3.6.4 Detailed Process Description 61
3.6.5 Advantages of the LAR Process 62
3.6.6 Advantages of the LEVH Process 62
3.6.7 Process Selection 62
3.6.8 Initial Equipment Design 63
3.6.9 Equipment List 63
3.6.10 Conclusions 64
3.6.11 Recommendations 64
Appendix A: Preliminary Equipment Specifications 65
Chapter 4 Site Considerations: Site Selection and Plant Layout 69
4.1 Site Selection/ Location 69
4.1.1 Local Industrial Areas 69
4.1.2 Some Important Factors 70
4.1.3 Prioritizing the Factors 70
References 71
4.2 Plant Layout 71
4.2.1 Plant Layout Strategies 72
4.2.2 Factors Influencing Plant Layout 72
References 73
4.3 Case Study - Site Considerations: Site Selection and Plant Layout 74
Summary 74
4.3.1 Background and Objectives 74
4.3.2 Potential Sites 75
4.3.2.1 Kemerton 76
4.3.2.2 Geraldton 76

4.3.3 Preferred Site and Layout 76
4.3.4 Conclusions 80
4.3.5 Recommendations 81
Chapter 5 Environmental Considerations 83
5.1 Environmental Impact Assessment 83
5.2 General Considerations 83
5.3 EIA Policy and Scope 85
5.4 EIA Reports 86
5.5 Australia 88
5.6 United Kingdom 88
5.7 United States 89
5.8 ISO-14000 90
5.9 Legislation 90
References 91
5.10 Case Study - Environmental Considerations 92
Summary 92
5.10.1 Purpose 93
5.10.2 Airborne Emissions 93
5.10.3 Waterborne Emissions 95
5.10.4 Solid Waste 95
5.10.5 Process Hazards 96
5.10.6 Accidental Spills and Tank Breaches 96
5.10.7 Personnel Safety Precautions and Procedures 98
5.10.8 Conclusions 98
5.10.9 Recommendations 99
Chapter 6 Economic Evaluation 101
6.1 Introductory Notes 101
6.2 Capital Cost Estimation 102
6.2.1 Cost of Equipment (Major Items) 103
(I) Cost Correlations 103
(II) Factored Estimate Method 104
6.2.2 Module Costs 105
6.2.3 Auxiliary Services 105
6.3 Operating Costs - Fixed and Variable 106
6.3.1 Depreciation 108
6.4 Profitability Analysis 109
6.4.1 The Payback Period 110
6.4.2 Return on Investment (ROI) 110
6.4.3 Evaluating Different Scenarios 110
6.4.4 Economic Evaluation and Analysis 111

download from here

Use of Descriptive Statistical Indicators for Aggregating Environmental Data in Multi-Scale European Databases

On the basis of this study, the following conclusions can be drawn:

•  The multi-scale nested grids approach can be proposed as a solution in many cases

where the data owner does not allow the distribution/publication of detailed data
but is willing to distribute degraded data (in coarser resolution). The aggregation
methodology can be considered a valuable one which contributes to the
degradation (without losing the real values) of very detailed data and may allow
the scientific community to access valuable information without having any
copyright problems.

•  For a number of reasons upscaling can be useful in soil science domain: respect of

privacy and data ownership, easy adaptation to model requirements, update of spatial
databases in various scales and simplification of thematic maps.

•  Upscaling methodology has proven to be good enough for identification of “data

patterns”. The upscaling process can easily identify if soil data have been downscaled
before a possible aggregation for reporting reasons.

•  Upscaling has a serious drawback in case the source dataset in the finer scale has high

spatial variability. This has been shown in the upscaling process from 1km2 towards the
10km2. The descriptive statistics show the smooth effect that upscaling may cause in
high variability cases. Upscaling involves recognition of general pattern in data
distribution and this can be considered an advantage for environmental indicators. In
any case the upscaled output doesn’t represent the real world but it is a smooth
approximation. The upscaling from local scale to upper scales involves trade-offs and
compromises.

• Despite the limitations, the scale transfer method presented here was well-suited to

the data and satisfied the overall objective of mapping soil indicators in coarser scale
giving appropriate responses to policy makers. Moreover, a series of newly
introduced concepts/indicators such as “Non-Perfect Square” Coverage, Correlation
Coefficient for predictions and Lost of Variation can be introduced for further
research and evaluation.

•  Digital Soil Mapping (DSM) offers new opportunities for the prediction of

download from here