WIRELINE 3(WIRELINE LOGGING)

Wireline logging can address questions about:

•           Mechanical condition of the well.

•          Fluid movement between zones.

•          Design and evaluation of stimulation treatment.

•          Reservoir management.

 

Collar Locator

•        It shows the location of casing collars, where the  thickness is high.

•        It is run with perforating guns or plugs.

•        In a magnetic CCL, when the unit moves through collar, the increase in metal thickness disturbs the magnetic field and causes a blip to be recorded.

Temperature devices

•       The thermometer uses an electrical bridge with an exposed sensing  wire as the fourth arm.

•        Temperature is affected by heat flow and fluid expansion.

•        Temperature log may be run under either dynamic and static conditions.

Spinner Flowmeter

 

•       Based on propeller movement.

•        Rotation rate and direction are determined.

Gradiomanometer

•       Gradiomanometer is based on pressure measurement at two fixed points.

•        Good for identifying gas entry point and locating standing water levels.

•        It can also be used to calculate water hold up.

Noise devices

•       Noise log is a recording at various points in the well of the amplitude of the noise generated by moving liquid or gas using an assembly of microphone, amplifier and a speaker.

Caliper

•       Measures any change in the borehole due to solid deposition.

•        Multi-arm caliper can measure metal loss due to corrosion or erosion.

•        They can be used in openhole completions.

Combination Tool

•       CCL.

•        Thermometer.

•        Manometer.

•        Caliper.

•        Gradiomanometer.

•        Flow meter.

Cement Evaluation Tool  (CEV)

•       For identifying mud channels.

•        Consists of 8 ultra sonic transducers arranged helically over 2 ft.

•        Each transducers in turn transmits a signal, then measure the signal decay rate.

•        Sonic decay rate is related to the compressive strength of the material around the casing.

WIRELINE GALLERY

WIRELINE 2(WIRELINE TOOL STRING COMPONENTS)

WIRELINE TOOL STRING COMPONENTS

What is tool string and how is it connected to the wireline?

•           Combination of various tools.

•           It is connected to the wireline by a rope socket.

What capabilities should be provided by the tool string?

•           Ability to provide weight (tension & speed) (stem).

•           Ability to accommodate rapid changes in inclination (knuckle joint).

•           Ability to provide upward and downward jolt (jars).

•           Ability to connect running or pulling tools and other tools ( swage, impression block, gauge cutter, blind box, etc).

 Rope Socket

•       Simply provides a means of connecting the tool string to the end of the wireline. •       It is a housing for the spring ,support and disk. •       It has a fishing neck which allows the tool string to be pulled if lost.

• the wireline is fastned to the disk which is grooved around its entire circumference . this groove is sufficiently deep to prevent damage to the wireline when the disk comes to bear aginst the spring support

 Stem

•       Wireline Stem is used to provide the weight required to overcome the well pressure working against the wire in order to 'lower' wireline tools into the wellbore. •         This mass is also used to generate impact force when performing jarring operations downhole. •       The amount of stem used in a tool string is determined by: (a) the amount of well  pressure working against the cross section area of the wire, and by (b) the impact required to accomplish the downhole work to be done. •       Roller Stem is used in higher deviation wells to minimize tool friction on the tubing wall by providing rolling contact. •       Stem is available from 1" O.D. to 3" O.D. with a variety of fishing neck sizes, lengths and connections.

Jar

•       Jars are employed in most cases below the stem so that the weight of the stem will close the jars when an obstruction is encountered. •       Needed to manipulate the tools run and pulled from the well. •       If we desire to beat downward on an obstruction, the reel is put in a pulling position at the surface until the jars open, then by releasing the reel quickly, the weight of the stem delivers an impact on the obstruction. •       Any upward impact can also be delivered by reversing this operation with the reel on the surface.

Knuckle Joint

•       It’s a ball and socket joint. •       It makes the wireline toolstring flexible •       Helps the alignment of the tools. •       Placed above the operating tool.

  Gauge Cutter

 

•       Originally developed for removing paraffin and wax from the l.D. of the wellbore. •       Gauge Cutters are now commonly used to perform 'gauge' runs prior to retrieval of flow control devices and to check that landing nipples are not coated with deposits such as scale or wax prior to installation of a wireline plug.

Swage

•       The Tubing Swage can be used to remove large obstructions in tubing. Tubing swages of gradually increasing size can be run to progressively remove the obstruction.

Impression Block 

•       Lead Impression Blocks are used primarily in fishing operations to identify what is uppermost on the fish. •        The L.l.B. consists of a steel housing, filled with lead which is dressed to a very smooth finish prior to running. •         When the L.l.B. is on top of the fish, one downward jar deforms the lead which can then be interpreted at surface to indicate what is downhole.

Blind Box

•       A Blind Box is used to either beat down any obstruction encountered in the tubing string or to cut (box off) wire on top of a Rope Socket during fishing operations. •        Always ensure thatthe O.D. of the tool does not match too closely the l. D. of any downhole restriction such as a landing nipple, as the lack of fluid by-pass through the tool can cause 'sticking' problems. Wireline Bailer •       It’s a hollow cylinder container with a ball/flapper check valve at the base to contain the contents. •        It’s used for removal of solids, liquids, debris and placing chemicals. •        Removal of solids may be necessary to gain access to the pulling neck of the equipment.  Magnet •       Magnets are used for retrieving loose metallic debris from the wellbore and are available in a number of sizes. •         As well as standard tools it is also possible to source and supply high performance magnets for special applications.    WIRELINE GALLER

WIRELINE

WIRELINE

General Purpose

Measuring line or wireline as commonly called is probably the most important service tool .This wireline makes possible manipulating of sub-surface controls and other service tools many thousand feet from the surface.

History

The earliest wireline used suffered from many problems like stretching and was required to be calibrated to get  accurate depth. So it became necessary to develop high strength materials to get sufficient tensile strength in a small diameter  wire as possible to:

•          Reduce the load of its own weight to a minimum.

•          It can run over smaller diameter sheaves, wound on a smaller diameter spool.

The most improved material  for wireline is improved plow-steel .In wells where hydrogen sulfide is encountered ,cold-drawn plow-steal wireline may be affected by hydrogen embrittlement resulting in reducing service life so we use 316 stainless steel although its tensile strength is lower than the plow-steal but it has good resistance to the hydrogen embrittlement.

Operating Procedures

During the wireline operation :

•          The maximum permissible pull on the line must never exceed the elastic  limit

•          Normally 50% of the maximum breaking strength is used as working limit 

•          After ever four hours of jarring , pull out and cut off 20’ of the wireline

•          Braided cables are used when high breaking strength is required

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WIRELINE CREW

A wireline crew consists of two men : the operator and his helper. It is important that each one knows what his job is and his co-works also. in order that no misunderstanding may occur on a customer's location, we will attempt to clarify each one’s job.

Operator

Upon arriving at location , after changing to the proper clothing and safety gear, the operator should first check the location and the position of the unit in accordance with safety regulations. Check and make sure the unit is fastened to the platform or that the truck is properly blocked.

The operator’s job is to run the unit manipulating the line to perform whatever is necessary to accomplish the job. He is to instruct and assist helper in lifting the tools.

Helper

He should remove the equipment necessary to the rig up on the well and place it near the well. Below is a list of the following pieces:

•          Gin pole

•          Rope blocks

•          The lubricator

•          Hay pulley

•          Hammer

•          Tree connection with proper seal rings.

The helper between the trips is to busy himself preparing the tools needed on the next trip and keep the unit clean all times. He is also expected to study the running and pulling tools being used.

Note: the helper should abide the operator choice unless it endangers his or her life.The operator and the helper should work as a team to achieve a job successfully .

Safety Rules   

•          Never hammer or climb on the lubricator while it is subjected to pressure.

•          Never open the master valve or swab valve without being assure that the pressure above and below the valve Is equalized.

•          When releasing pressure from the lubricator through the needle valve turn your head away from valve and open your mouth to prevent damage to your ear drums.

•          No smoking is allowed within 100 feet of the well head.

•          Never wash the tools and equipment with flammable solvent or hydrocarbon mixtures. 

•          Think the project through before proceeding with any operation around the well site.

•          All wireline safety equipment should be inspected on a routine basis and carried in its proper place on the wireline truck.

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WIRELINE SERVICES

What are wireline services?

Running one or several tools on either a single strand wire or braided cable inside the well.

What are the advantages of wireline?

•          Simple,

•          Quick and

•          Economical compared to other means.

What are the disadvantages of wireline?

•          The operator is physically very remote.

•          The uncertainty of cable stretch (i.e., depth).

•          Limitation in means of monitoring and operating the tools.

•          Require highly skilled personnel.

Capabilities offered by wireline are numerous, such as :

•          Isolation of the formation.

•          Operating of sliding side door.

•          Installation/retrieval of downhole of SSSV, chokes, regulators.

•          Running/retrieval of downhole P & T gauges.

•          Removal of wax by scraping.

•          Installation/retrieval of valve in side pocket mandrel.

•          Removal of sand and produced solids.

•          Installation of through tubing bridge plug.

•          Using electric conductor cable, packers can be run.

•          Checking the available depth and diameter.

•          Fishing.

What are required (in addition to tools string and cable)?

•           Ability to lower and retrieve the tool string.

•           Monitoring tool position and cable tension.

•           Handling and alignment pulleys.

•           The ability to work with live wells.

•           A blow out preventor (BOP).

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WIRELINE SURFACE EQUIPMENT

Generally, surface equipment is anything that has to be attached to the wellhead in order to perform the job.

In order to accomplish wireline work we must have some means of getting the wireline and wireline tool string into the bore of the tubing under pressure. Since all wells that we service will contain or are subject to contain pressure, we must use a safe and sensible means of gaining access to the well bore with our wireline tools.

The figure shows the basic surface equipment which is normally used to perform wireline work in the well.

 

Load Binder and Chain	•       Used to attach the telescoping gin pole to the tree.
Telescoping Gin Pole	•       It can be in two sections or three sections. •       The pole is first of all attached to the tree. •       Rope blocks are attached to the top section then extended.
Gin Pole Bins	•       Used to keep the section extended. •       Some wireline companies employ a saddle attached to the wireline valve with a clamp. •       The advantage of this is it speeds up the rigging up operation as a chain and binder is not needed. •       A disadvantage is that you are limited to the amount of lubricator you can put up.
Rope Blocks	•       Rope blocks and ropes are used to raise the lubricator. •       Care must be taken to keep the rope free of dirt and greese. •       Precautions must be taken not to cut the rope and worn out rope should be changed.
Tree Connections	•       the tree connection used depend on what the customer has to rig up on top of his crown valve. •       After removing the top, on the inside of most trees, you will find a thread that is used to hang the tubing with. •       This can be used if the tubing pressure is not too high. •       The tree connection then is adapted to the blowout preventers.
Blow Out Preventers	•       Often refered to as a wireline valve. •       A means of isolating the well pressure from the lubricator sections without cutting the wireline. •       This is done by closing a set of rubber rams on the wire and bleeding the well pressure from the lubricator. •       This is often necessary in fishing operations.
Lubricator	•       It is used to run swabing or perforating tool  and It provides method for sealing off pressure (making the lowered tool is the first subjected to the well pressure)
Quick Unions	•       Screwed or welded on the ends of lubricator sections to extend it •       The unions slip into each other and a large nut is screwed to the female half to hold them together. •       They are considered safe because it would be impossible to unscrew them while there is a presence of pressure.
Stuffing Box	•       Is used as means of running the wireline into the lubricator that is subjected to well pressure. •       All sizes of slick wireline can be used with a standard stuffing box.
Hay Pulley	•       It can be defined as a pulley used  to change the direction of  line pull. •       While rigging up the surface equipment, the wireline from the unit is directed parallel to the ground level to the X–mas tree and then changes direction through the hay pulley up to the top of the lubricator.
Wireline Clamp	•       Its function is to clamp the wireline without damaging the wire. •       Used to keep the tools from falling out of the lubricator while raising it up. •       Used in fishing operations to pull on the wireline.

to be Continued

WIRELINE GALLERY