Fracturing and Completion Services con't

Fracturing and Completion Services

More choices. More reservoir contact.

Contact fracturing and completion services maximize reservoir contact by offering the most efficient and effective reservoir stimulation service for each well. This portfolio of services offers a wide variety of proven reservoir stimulation technologies; each choice can be enhanced with real-time measurement options.

Conventional

Wells completed through the conventional Contact category require separate trips into the well to fracture stimulate and isolate each stage. Conventional solutions can be divided into two techniques: cased hole and openhole completions.

Cased hole completions

Various methods can be used to access the reservoir, including wireline perforating, abrasive jetting, or shifting a sliding sleeve with the workstring. Fracture stimulation of each stage is performed by pumping down the casing or reservoir string. When multiple intervals are open in one stage, diversion can be attempted through various methods including limited entry (perforation friction pressure), ball sealers, or chemical diversion. The stage is then isolated using various techniques including setting composite bridge plugs, setting sand plugs, or natural isolation (induced stress diversion). This entire process is then repeated for remaining stages. A separate trip into the well is required for the next stage.

Openhole completions

In unconsolidated formations, a completion string may be deployed to ensure wellbore integrity. Typical completion strings include slotted liners or preperforated liners. The entire well may be fracture stimulated by pumping down the casing or reservoir string. Diversion can be attempted through various methods including limited entry (perforation friction pressure), ball sealers, or traditional chemical diversion.
Intervention

Wells completed through the intervention Contact category fracture stimulate and isolate multiple stages per intervention. The following services are used.
Abrasive Perforating & Fracturing

AbrasiFRAC abrasive perforating and reservoir services cut perforations, fracture stimulate, and isolate each interval separately-all in a single field operation.
Fracturing through Coiled Tubing

Fracturing through stimulation of preperforated intervals through CT or work string involves a straddle tool to isolate each interval during stimulation treatment. This technique is used both for new completions and to access bypassed intervals.
Wireline-enabled Perforating & Fracturing

PerfFRAC technique involves high-rate fracture stimulation treatments down the casing with a perforating gun assembly in the wellbore. The perforating guns selectively perforate the zones, which are fracture stimulated one zone at a time. Isolation between stimulated zones is accomplished by pumping ball sealers. Technology licensed from ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company.
Permanent

Wells completed through the permanent Contact category fracture stimulate and isolate multiple stages in one pumping operation using components installed as a part of the permanent completion. Services include the following.
Multistage Stimulation

RapidSTIM stimulation and completions services enable multiple stimulations of an uncemented completion in one pumping treatment with mechanical isolation.
Multistage Fracturing

StageFRAC multistage reservoir and completion services enable multiple fracture stimulations of an uncemented completion in one pumping treatment with mechanical isolation.

Dynamic

The dynamic Contact category offers fluid-enabled tool-free reservoir of multiple stages in one continuous operation.

Shale Gas Dynamic Fluid Diversion

StimMORE Fluid-Based, Tool-Free Diversion Technology

StimMORE shale diversion service combines fluid-based, tool-free fracture diversion technology with StimMAP LIVE real-time microseismic monitoring. Microseismic data delivered while the fracture treatment is pumped allows real-time optimization of fracture treatments. The service is suited to horizontal well multiple-frac completions, both cased hole and open hole.

The StimMORE service has been developed for use primarily in the Barnett Shale formation in North America, where the temperature range is between 160 and 250 degF and where narrow fracture widths less than 4 mm are expected.

Because it is fluid-based, StimMORE diversion slurries can be pumped on the fly as part of the main treating fluid, diverting the fracture as needed. By using a multicomponent blend of degradable materials, StimMORE slurries temporarily block fractures, diverting fluid flow and inducing the creation of additional fractures along the wellbore. The slurries degrade completely after the fracturing treatment has been completed and leave no residual formation damage.

In refracturing treatments, where wells have existing perforations in place, StimMORE provides an innovative solution for fracture diversion when traditional methods such as bridge plug placement are no longer possible.

Tight Gas

Stimulation This unconventional energy source is a fast-growing market; however, effective development of low-permeability tight gas reser

FiberFRAC Proppant Distribution

Proppant settling can reduce the deliverability of the fracture, causing a significant negative impact on productivity. FiberFRAC proppant distribution technology

• decouples proppant transport from fluid viscosity to reduce settling
• creates a fiber-based network within the fracturing fluid, providing a mechanical means to transport, suspend, and place the proppant
• can be tailored to reservoir conditions to optimize fracture geometry
• maintains good proppant transport, even at high temperatures, using a low-viscosity fluid.

In addition to fracture height containment, the retained proppant pack permeability can be significantly increased because of the lower polymer loading required. When less polymer is used, more of the propped fracture contributes to production, yielding a longer effective fracture half-length.

ThermaFOAM High Temperature CO₂ Fracturing Fluid

The future of high-temperature brownfield CO2 fracturing

The ThermaFOAM CO₂ foam system for high-temperature wells is a unique chemical system specifically designed for fracture applications in wells with bottomhole static temperatures (BHSTs) between 200 and 300 degF [93 and 149 degC]. The ThermaFOAM system is a CO₂-compatible product that uses the CO₂-polymer interaction to create stable and robust foam systems that allow polymer-loading reductions of up to 50%.

The reduction in polymer loading, combined with improved well performance and the elimination of the need for a crosslinking gel, has resulted in a fluid system that maximizes cleanup of the proppant pack within the fracture.

Significant reductions in time to sales can typically be expected for wells fractured using the ThermaFOAM CO₂ foam system compared with wells stimulated using conventional fracturing technology.

Fracturing and Completion Services
More choices. More reservoir contact.

Contact fracturing and completion services maximize reservoir contact by offering the most efficient and effective reservoir stimulation service for each well. This portfolio of services offers a wide variety of proven reservoir stimulation technologies; each choice can be enhanced with real-time measurement options.
Conventional

Wells completed conventionally require separate trips into the well to fracture stimulate and isolate each stage. Conventional solutions can be divided into two techniques: cased hole completions and openhole completions.
Intervention

Wells completed through the intervention Contact category fracture stimulate and isolate multiple stages per intervention. The following services are used.
Abrasive Perforating & Fracturing | Fracturing through Coiled Tubing | Wireline-enabled Perforating & Fracturing
Permanent

Wells completed through the permanent Contact category fracture stimulate and isolate multiple stages in one pumping operation using components installed as a part of the permanent completion. Services include the following.
Multistage Stimulation | Multistage Fracturing
Dynamic

The dynamic Contact category offers fluid-enabled tool-free reservoir of multiple stages in one continuous operation.
Shale Gas Dynamic Fluid Diversion

Microseismic Hydraulic Fracture Monitoring

StimMAP services for hydraulic fracturing monitoring record microseismic activity in real time during the fracturing process. A full range of software provides modeling, survey design, microseismic detection and location, uncertainty analysis, data integration, and visualization for interpretation, wherever and whenever decisions must be made. Computer imagery is used to monitor the activity in 3D space relative to the location of the fracturing treatment. Then the monitored activities are animated to show progressive fracture growth and the subsurface response to pumping variations.

The StimMAP service uses Petrel seismic-to-simulation software to provide accurate characterization of the locations, geometry, and dimensions of a hydraulic fracture system. Advanced processing techniques provide fracture characterization that enhances fracture models and reservoir characterization for production simulation.

Microseismic monitoring, which delivers information about the changing stress of a reservoir can be used to enhance reservoir development in tight gas completions, fault mapping, reservoir imaging, waterflood monitoring, drilling waste disposal, and thermal recovery.

Introduction in Stimulation

Treatment by Environment

Hydraulic fracturing and matrix stimulation treatments to restore or enhance well productivity are performed in all types of formations and reservoir environments. You can maximize production by creating highly conductive reservoir flow paths, but selecting the appropriate treatment for each environment is critical to well economics.

Tight Gas

Effective development of low-permeability tight gas reservoir resources requires operational efficiency to improve performance.
Proppant Distribution | High Temperature CO2 Fracturing Fluid
Carbonate

Understanding and addressing the specific challenges and technical risks that carbonates present has put Schlumberger at the forefront of technology development to help optimize productivity.
Viscoelastic Diverting Acid | Degradable Diversion Acid | Deep-Penetrating, High-Temperature Acid | Fracturing and Completion Services
Conventional Sandstone

Matrix stimulation and hydraulic fracturing techniques are designed to repair and improve the natural connection of the wellbore with the reservoir.
HiWAY Channel Fracturing | Scale Control | CO2 Polymer-Free Fracturing Fluid | Organic Clay Acid Stimulation Fluid | High-Water-Cut Acidizing Diverter | Simplified Sandstone Acidizing System | Proppant Flowback Control
High-Permeability

Matrix acidization treatments are used to mitigate the effects of formation damage, the biggest hindrance to productivity in highly permeable reservoirs.
High-Permeability, Polymer-Free Fracturing Fluid | Polymer Free Gravel Pack Fluid | Filtercake Removal Service | Combined Fracturing & Gravel Packing Service | Scale Control
Unconventional Gas

Better reservoir knowledge and increasingly sensitive technologies are making production of unconventional gas economically viable and more efficient. This efficiency is bringing tight gas, coalbed methane, and gas hydrates into the reach of more companies around the world.
Microseismic Hydraulic Fracture Monitoring

Measure hydraulic fracture geometry in real time.
StimMAP LIVE Microseismic Fracture Monitoring Service
Treatment Execution

Schlumberger develops innovative methods and provides the right equipment to perform stimulation treatments in any well environment.
Candidate Recognition | Offshore vessels | Monitoring Stimulation Treatments | Well Optimization Service

Detecting boundary of salt dome in seismic data with edge detection technique

Abstract
In dealing with the issue of poor seismic imaging in
boundary of salt dome in study area, the sensitivity of
several attributes (amplitude, coherence and edge detection)
to the dome boundary are tested, With the use of a chosen
edge detection technique, The salt dome boundary is
achieved.
Geological setting
The study area is located in a region with abundant
petroleum resources, and potential structure position, In
this area, there are several salt domes of great thickness
ranging from 1000-3000 m, developed in Permian
overlying the target zone of Carboniferous. VSP data show
the velocity of salt varies from 4000 to 6000 m/s, which is
obviously higher than that of surrounding rock. Sub-salt
reflections are pulled up intensely due to the great velocity
difference between salt and surrounding rock and the
thickness variation of salt layer. The thicker the salt is, the
greater sub-salt reflection is pulled up. which makes the
sub-salt events appear as pseudo-structural configuration
so iso-chrone maps of Carboniferous are not able to reflect
its true shape. Therefore, the key to sub-salt structure
interpretation is determine the thickness and boundary of
salt dome .
Different shooting patterns resulted in seismic data with
the character of nonuniform distribution of dominant
frequency band and amplitude strength, low S/N ratio of
horizons related to Permian, and poor imaging quality of
reflection at the top and bottom of salt body. As the result,
it is difficult to define the salt dome boundary in the
seismic data .
Principle
Edge detection is one of common imaging processing
technique to find the position of pixels with intense
variation which can be express the useful information in
the data.
Edge detection is a basic method in image processing, that
detects the position of pixels that vary greatly in the image,
which can express a useful that value to the central sample.
In practice, this amounts to weighting the central sample
based on how similar it is to surrounding traces. If the
surrounding traces are consistently similar, the central
sample will be given a value near zero. If the surrounding
traces show marked variation, the central sample will be
given a non-zero value. Edge detection can thus give you a
clearer image of lateral dissimilarities caused by such
conditions as faulting or stratigraphic changes.
This technique can be applied to conventional seismic data
or to a dataset of similarity attributes. If the input is
conventional seismic data, edge detection preserves
amplitudes but weights them (as opposed to ESP
processing which replaces amplitudes with Manhattan
distance values). If the input is ESP data, edge
detection accentuates the differences you uncovered in
the Manhattan distance values generated from the
original seismic data. For the salt application
LandMark, the Sobel method which uses the first
derivative is used.
Sobel Edge Detection
In Sobel edge detection, the first derivative is
calculated in both the inline and crossline directions
for a 9-trace plane. The average of these two
orthogonal measurements is then assigned to the
center sample
In practice, the Sobel algorithm is implemented by
applying two sets of sample weights and then
combining the weighted samples. The first weighting
mask detects dissimilarity in one direction (at 90° to
the row of zeros).The second weighting mask detects
dissimilarity in the other direction (at 90° to the row
of zeros).By combining all of the weighted samples,
dissimilarity can be detected along any orientation.
Applied effect
Constrained by the plane dip, Sobel method is applied
to detect salt dome boundary in post stack seismic
data, and the time slices through edge detection cut
from shallow to deep level are used to delineate salt
dome boundary.
Conlusions
Not only can the boundaries of salt domes and faults
(especially high angle fault) be identified with the use of
edge detection technique, but the variation of lithological
property also can be detected. With the results of edge
detection interpretation, boundaries of salt domes are tracked,
and the thickness of salt layer is achieved by which the
velocity field built up.True structural configuration
of sub-salt target zone is achieved after time-depth
conversion.
Acknowledgment
We are grateful to Professor Huang Zhong fan for reviewing
this paper and giving many constructive suggestions;thanks
to wang ya lin for her supported.

Wellsite Connectivity for Well Testing Operations

InterACT connectivity, collaboration, and information system, secure monitoring of well testing operations via the Internet has made a significant impact on how oil and gas companies plan and execute their operations.

Well testing experts are now able to actively participate as if they were on site. This remote witnessing capability provides significant logistical savings and increased ability to deal with multiple responsibilities. Using a standard Web browser, InterACT remote witnessing and data delivery enable the operator, partners, and Schlumberger experts to collaborate on well test operations while they happen. Expertise not normally available at the wellsite can be focused on a well test, regardless of the location, and informed operations decisions can be made and implemented in a timely manner.

This remote, real-time capability can be critical when applying new technology in well testing, for example multiphase meter production testing, or wellsite PVT analysis. Remote expert collaboration is key to extracting value when the exceptional dynamic response of the PhaseTester portable multiphase periodic well testing equipment is combined with data from the Schlumberger PVT Express wellsite service.

Reservoir Sampling and Analysis-Surface Testing and Cleanup

Reservoir Sampling and Analysis

Fluid and rock sampling and analysis services optimize your production decisions with a global network of sampling operation and reservoir fluid and rock analysis centers. We have industry-leading technology for mercury-free reservoir fluid sampling, wellsite analysis, sample management, fluid phase behavior, flow assurance laboratory studies, and geomechanics testing and analysis.

Surface Testing and Cleanup

The fluids produced during a test must be handled using surface testing equipment when permanent production facilities are not available. The surface testing equipment (described below) must perform a wide range of functions:

* quickly control pressure and flow rates at the surface and shut in the well
* accurately meter the fluids and collect surface fluid samples
* separate the resulting effluent into three fluids: oil, gas, and water
* dispose of the resulting fluids in an environmentally safe manner.


Flowhead

Four gate valves used to hang test string from elevator and to control flow through master and flow valves; if fitted with a swivel, it allows test string to rotate. Compatible with slickline and electric line operations.
Surface Safety Valve

Hydraulically actuated fail-safe gate valve for testing oil and gas wells; used to quickly shut in a well upstream of the choke manifold in case of overpressure, failure, a leak in downstream equipment, or any other well emergency requiring an immediate shut-in.
Emergency Shutdown (ESD) System

Multistation system that permits closure during testing operations in response to an emergency; remotely and simultaneously controls the flowline valve on the flowhead and surface safety valve.
Data Header

Short sub connected to upstream side of choke manifold to provide additional pressure gauge, thermowell, and sampling or injection ports; allows connection of pressure and temperature monitoring equipment, as well as sampling and injection equipment.
Dual-Pot Sand Filter

Filter with two filter pots and interconnecting piping used to remove sand and other solid particles from well effluent to prevent erosion of downstream equipment.
Floor Choke Manifold

Four manual valves (five if bypass valve is included) used to control flow rate and reduce well pressure before flow enters processing equipment.
Steam-Heat Exchanger

Steam-heat exchanger used to raise the temperature of well effluents to prevent hydrate formation, reduce viscosity, and break down emulsions for efficient separation of oil and water.
Indirect-Fired Heater

Skid-mounted indirect-fired diesel heater used to raise the temperature of well effluents to prevent hydrate formation, reduce viscosity, and break down emulsions.
CleanPhase Well Test Separator

New-generation horizontal separator that can operate as a stand-alone unit or in combination with the PhaseTester multiphase flowmeter. The separator uses SmartWeir technology, which accommodates the most challenging well effluents and provides online separation for the entire job, from the beginning of cleanup until the end of the well test.
CleanSep

New-generation horizontal separator that can operate as stand-alone unit or with PhaseTester portable multiphase flowmeter with Vx technology. With Vx technology, flow measurements are unaffected by separation issues such as foaming oil, emulsions, and gas in the oil line.
Conventional Horizontal Separator

Instrumented vessel that separates well effluent into three phases for onshore and offshore well testing; can operate as a stand-alone unit or with PhaseTester portable multiphase flowmeter with Vx technology.
ClearPhase Mobile Testing Discharge Treatment

Mobile water testing dischrge unit for exploration and development well testing and cleanup; efficient, cost-effective alternative to water storage, transport, and onshore disposal.
Vertical Surge Tank

H2S service vessel that stores liquid hydrocarbons after separation; used to measure liquid flow rates and combined shrinkage and meter factor; also used as second stage separator.
Atmospheric Gauge Tank

Nonpressurized vessel used to measure flow rates and calibrate metering devices on separator lines; can also be used for temporary storage.
Transfer Pump

Pump that pumps oil from tank to burner or from tank into existing flowline; usually fitted with explosion-proof electrical motor for operations in Zone 2 regions; can also be fitted with diesel engine for remote location operations.
Oil and Gas Manifolds

Manifolds that divert oil or gas without flow interruption from a separator to burners for disposal, to a tank for measurements or storage, or to a production line.
U-Boom

Modular boom that keeps flare at a safe distance from the rig structure, reducing heat radiation and fire risk.
V-Boom

Heavy-duty modular triangular boom, designed for use in the North Sea; keeps flare at a safe distance from the rig structure, reducing heat radiation and fire risk.
EverGreen Burner

Single-head, 12-nozzle, well test oil burner for onshore and offshore exploration and development well testing and cleanup; provides environmentally friendly alternative to oil storage that is efficient and cost effective.
Extended Well Tests

Tests (EWTs) used to evaluate productivity and characteristics of a reservoir. EWTs also provide a way to test sand control techniques and process- and production-related technologies.
ArchiTest 2.0

Well test design software that provides a realistic steady-state simulation of actual field conditions to facilitate surface well test planning; main goal is to enhance safety of the well test environment.

Perforating

You want maximum productivity from your reservoir. Whether in new or existing wells, maximum production depends on optimized perforating.

Schlumberger engineered perforating systems can help you achieve the best production or injection in your well by optimizing the relationship between the gun system, wellbore, and your reservoir. Schlumberger perforating systems enable you to

* measure to fully characterize the reservoir rock and fluids
* perforate with the optimum design of gun system and charge
* clean the perforations by controlling wellbore dynamics while perforating
* monitor to maximize reservoir productivity.

Perforating Gun Systems and Charges

Schlumberger offers capsule and hollow carrier gun systems with a wide variety of perforating charges for every environment.
Pipe Recovery and Remedial Services

Schlumberger has solutions for drillpipe, coiled tubing, and tubing recovery and special techniques for cement squeeze, punching tubing, junk shots, and other applications.
Tubing-Conveyed Perforating

Tubing-conveyed perforating (TCP) allows long, heavy gun strings to be run in all well conditions.
Wireline Perforating

Wireline (or electric line) is the traditional way to run perforating guns, providing the advantages of real-time depth control and selectivity.
Completion Perforating

Completion perforating enables large, long strings of guns to be installed with the completion and fired with the right completion fluid in place for immediate cleanup and production.
Completion Perforating Without Killing the Well

The CWOK process uses underbalance, dynamic underbalance (PURE), or extreme underbalance perforating for clean perforations, then removes the guns without killing the well.
Slickline Perforating

Slickline is a fast and efficient conveyance method that can be used for many explosive services such as perforating, setting plugs or packers, or cutting tubing.
Coiled Tubing Perforating

Coiled tubing allows perforating guns to be run into extended-reach or horizontal wells and also allows longer, heavier gun strings to be run.

Early Production Facilities (EPF) -Multiphase Well Testing and Monitoring

Early Production Facilities (EPF)

Begin production early while full field development is being planned and permanent facilities are being built. Early-production facilities (EPFs) can help operators bring their new discoveries on stream fast. Schlumberger has designed and installed modular, fit-for-purpose EPFs worldwide for more than 30 years and to date has completed approximately 70 projects.

EPFs and fast-track schedules can help operators create an early cash flow with only a minimum cash outlay. They also provide real-time production data that can help operators appraise reservoir performance before they install more-expensive long-term facilities. EPFs can be used for small reserves that would be financially risky or uneconomical to produce with a permanent production facility.

Multiphase Well Testing and Monitoring

Our multiphase flowmeter (MPFM) products and services provide critical well diagnostic information without the complexity of conventional testing operations. With continuous measurements of a well's individual phases without separation, our multiphase measurement capabilities offer many advantages:

* Improved test quality and availability
* Quick well performance trend analyses
* Immediate well diagnostics
* Reduced costs per well tested
* Compact, lightweight, low-maintenance equipment
* Worldwide support for multiphase testing operations
* Multiphase measurement gas mode applicable to oil and gas wells

PhaseTester Multiphase Testing

Measure multiphase flow efficiently with a portable multiphase flow metering service.
PhaseSampler Multiphase Sampling

Capture PVT-quality samples of multiphase fluids at line conditions directly from the flowline.
PhaseWatcher Multiphase Flowmeter

Get permanent multiphase monitoring solutions for onshore and offshore wells.
Vx Technology

Both PhaseTester and PhaseWatcher equipment incorporate Vx technology to acquire superior, dynamic response to fluctuating flow, high-accuracy flow rate measurements, and unmatched resolution and repeatability. Gas mode extends the range of operation for Vx technology from 0% to 100% gas volume fraction (black oil to dry gas). Switching between modes requires only a mouse click.