Deepwater Drilling –Large Mud Volumes-Low Flow Line Temperatures

Large Mud Volumes

•Wells drilled in deep water require long risers and large diameter casing strings. –The riser, large-diameter casing and large hole sizes call for large mud system volumes. –A 20-in. ID riser in 2,500 ft of water has a volume of 972 bbl. –It is not uncommon for a deepwater drilling operation to have a circulating system of 4,000 bbl or more. –These large systems require proportionately larger quantities of mud additives for maintenance and treating. •Logistics –Inventory management is critical –Delivery time –Sea conditions –Changing hole conditions •Considerations –Bulk bags (1 ton or more) –Floating liquid storage for brines –Bulk handling systems –Proper estimates

Low Flow Line Temperatures

•As explained earlier, water temperature decreases with depth.
•Long risers surrounded by cold sea water will result in much colder mud temperatures and higher vicositiesin the riser and at the flow line.
•The increased viscosity from temperature, particularly in oilbaseand synthetic muds, may limit the shale shaker screens which can be used without losing mud to relatively large mesh sizes.
•Often, there is a temptation to treat the mud system to reduce the viscosity at the flow line, but this should be avoided, since it will reduce hole cleaning in the riser.
•Circulating a third “boost”mud pump on the riser will limit the amount of cooling that occurs in it.
•A Fann Model 70 HTHP viscometer can be used to provide a more accurate profile of the effects of cold and hot temperatures and pressures on a particular mud.

Deep water Drilling – Low Fracture Gradients

•In deepwater drilling, challenges exist that are related to formation pore pressures and fracture gradients being very close at shallow depths. •For deepwater applications, the fracture gradient and equivalent pore pressure decrease as water depth increases. •At extreme water depths (±10,000 ft), this low fracture gradient (due to the lack of overburden) and low equivalent pore pressure make drilling impractical, even with unweightedmud, due to annular pressure losses increasing the Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD). •The typical deepwater well uses frequent shallow casing strings to seal off low fracture-gradient formations. •The low fracture gradients also present lost circulation problems from both surge and swab pressures. •This is especially true with synthetic, mineral oil and diesel systems, which are compressible and tend to reduce the allowable fracture gradients •Surge, swab and ECD pressures are a significant concern for all deepwater drilling operations, particularly while running and cementing casing. •Understanding the effects of temperature and pressure on hydraulics and drilling fluid rheology is very important in deepwater •Low water temperatures and the resulting low riser temperatures can result in elevated fluid rheology and high surge and swab pressures.

Deep water Drilling –Borehole Stability

•The geology of deepwater drilling is different from that on land and in shallow water.
–The formations, for example, are relatively young and very reactive.
–The clays and silts have not been altered by extreme heat or pressure and are not significantly dewatered.
•Sands are often unconsolidated and have not been compacted.
•Shallow clay formations, referred to as gumbo, are very soft and sticky.
•Cuttings from these formations can cause hole packoff, plugged flow lines, balling of bit and bottom-hole assembly, and reduced Rate of Penetrations (ROPs).
•Young clays contain high volumes of water and can be extremely sticky and problematic regardless of the degree of inhibition.
•Swelling and dispersion of the reactive shale must be addressed when drilling in deep water.
–Synthetic, diesel, mineral, PHPA, enhanced chloride and lignosulfonatesystems all have been used in deepwater applications.
–Synthetic and oil-base muds provide excellent inhibition, virtually eliminate problems with gumbo
•Water-base systems will require additives to increase performance and to minimize trouble with soft, sticky gumbo and for hydrate inhibition.
–Amines
–Glycols
–PHPA
–Silicate
–KCL

Deep water Drilling –Mud Systems-Gas Hydrates-

Mud Systems

•Many different mud systems can and have been used in deep water applications. –They range from systems as simple as seawater-base lignosulfonatemuds to environmentally approved high-performance synthetic muds.

Gas Hydrates

•Gas hydrates are an “ice-like”mixture of gas and water. At atmospheric pressure, freshwater freezes at 32°F (0°C).
–At high pressures, gas hydrates will form at moderate temperatures —even as high as room temperature.
–Gas hydrates occur naturally in arctic permafrost and deepwater seabed deposits, usually at depths greater than 800 ft.
•One cubic foot of gas hydrates can contain 170 ft3 of natural gas.
–Naturally occurring gas hydrates can pose a well-control problem when drilled, but gas hydrate formation in the drilling fluid is a more significant well-control problem in deep water situations.
•Gas hydrates can form in low-salinity drilling muds under pressure/temperature conditions as mild as 480 psi and 45°F (7.2°C), conditions which are common when controlling kicks in deep water.
•During well-control situations, hydrates can plug risers, BOP lines and choke-and-kill lines, interfering with effective well control.
•Reported cases of gas hydrates are few, the risk of losing the ability to operate BOP equipment adequately is always present.
–For this reason, all deepwater mud systems must be formulated to suppress the formation of gas hydrates.
•Increasing the salinity of water-base muds is the common method used to suppress hydrates.
–The standard deepwater water-base mud system uses 20% by weight salt to inhibit gas hydrates.
–Increasing the salinity of a water-base mud system will reduce the temperature at which gas hydrates can form at a given pressure.
–The amount of salt required depends on both hydrostatic and shut-in pressures and the seafloor temperature
–At higher pressures and colder temperatures, a combination of salt and either glycerol or water-soluble glycol is recommended for greater inhibition.
•Diesel oil, mineral oil and synthetic systems all provide excellent hydrate suppression.
–This inhibition is a result of the limited amount of water contained in them and the fact that the water phase generally has a high concentration (>25% wt) of calcium chloride.
–Dissolved gasses can reduce suppresion

Deep water Drilling

•Deep water exploration and production have significant potential in many offshore locations around the world. •Deep water drilling, in general, has a greater degree of difficulty than conventional drilling and presents many operational challenges. •Deep water Drilling –Greater than 1500ft of water –use of either dynamically positioned or chain-anchored floating rigs of either the semi submersible or drill ship design, using sub sea well heads and long riser systems –The wells are drilled in younger formations that have narrower fracture-radientto-pore-pressure profiles, requiring more casing strings and exhibiting high operating costs. •A list of fluid design issues and considerations includes: –Gas hydrates. –Geology/reactive formations. –Pore pressure and low fracture gradients. –Riser volumes/large-casing well designs/logistics. –Lost circulation. –Low flow line temperatures. –Hole cleaning. –Well control. –High daily rig costs.

Waste Engine Oils: Rerefining and Energy Recovery free download

The importance of oil as a lubricating agent for mechanical parts in motion is well known. Adding oil into the engine of a vehicle and noticing that it turns black upon use is a common phenomenon witnessed by all vehicle owners. Indeed, we know that the life cycle of oil is not infinite even if the efficiency of additives is regularly improved. Thus, oil becomes an unavoidable waste and its collection and treatment naturally become important issues for discussion. Owing to the rules that have been in existence in France since 1979 as well as to the financial support from the government via ADEME and last but not least, to the increasing civic responsibihty of the people, a collection rate higher than 80 % for all waste oil is achieved today. Two elimination methods or more precisely two valorization methods are then applied: on the one hand, combustion, a form of energy recovery used mainly in cement factories, and on the other, regeneration, a recycling of the raw material. A European directive gives preference to the latter method. In the United States and in Japan, there are no rules that give priority to any particular method of treatment. Whatever the method used locally, the choice ultimately depends on technical and economic criteria, obviously keeping in mind the impact on the environment, which should be minimized at all costs. The subject remains topical and other methods are also examined here, for example, the consideration of a possible participation of oil refiners in a consortium.

DOWNLOAD

The Chemistry of Essential Oils and Artificial Perfumes Vol 1 and 2 free download

The Chemistry of Essential Oils and Artificial Perfumes Vol 1
Author(s): Ernest J. Parry
Publisher: Scott Greenwood & Son
Date : 1921
Pages : 556
Format : pdf
OCR : N
Quality : Good
Language : English
The Chemistry of Essential Oils and Artificial Perfumes Vol 2

Author(s): Ernest J. Parry
Publisher: Scott Greenwood & Son
Date : 1922
Pages : 370
Format : pdf
OCR : Y
Quality : Good
Language : English

download vol1
downloadvol2

Horizontal wells –Underbalanced Equipment

•Specialized equipment is required to run an underbalanced well •Compressors •Mist pumps •Gas separators •Pressure boosters
•Rotating BOP •Closed loop system