Pumping applications in petroleum

Pumping application in petroleum

Types of pumps in petroleum:-

1-ELECTRO SUBMERSIBLE OIL PUMP (esp.)

2-sucker rod pump.

3-hydraulic pump.

4- JET PUMP .

5- Progressive Cavity Pumps

 

 

ELECTRO SUBMERSIBLE OIL PUMP (esp.)

Electrosumergible pumping system (BES) is an artificial lift system that uses electrical energy converted into mechanical energy to lift a column of fluid from a given level to the surface, discharging at a given pressure. As in all cases when you want to design an artificial lift system, you should remember:
“Not always the cheapest is the most convenient”
“Not always the most expensive is the best solution”
Electrosumergible pumping has proven to be an artificial system of efficient and economical production. In the petroleum industry, compared with other artificial production systems has advantages and disadvantages, because for various reasons may not always be the best, well that is a candidate to produce artificially pumping electrosumergible must have characteristics that do not affect its operation relationships such as high gas / oil, high temperatures, the presence of sand in the produced fluids, which are factors with undesirable influences on the efficiency of the rig.
Among the features of the system are its ability to produce large amounts of fluid from different depths under a wide variety of conditions particularly well and is distinguished by the engine is directly coupled to the pump at the bottom of the well. The electric pump assembly works on a wide range of depths and volumes, their application is particularly successful when conditions are conducive to producing high volumes of liquids with low gas-oil ratio.
Description of pumping electrosumergible
A typical unit consists electrosumergible pump at the bottom of the pot for the following components: electric motor, protector, inlet section, electric submersible pumps and cable driver. The external parts are: head, cable surface. Control panel, transformer.
Key Components of a Pumping System electrosumergible:
1. Engine
2. Bomba (Stages, consisting of impeller and diffuser each)
3. Cable
4. Cable Restraint Suncho
5. Gas Separator
6. Section Sealant
7. Pressure Sensor Fund
8. Transformer (surface)
9. Variable Control
Team electrosumergible oil
Motor left) and pump (right)
Key features of a pumping system electrosumergible
It is necessary to bear in mind the conditions that tend to limit the use of this system:
1. It is not advisable to use this system in high regard GLR wells.
2. It is not advisable to use this system in wells under P. I. and low pressure.
3. It is essential for the design, knowing the bubble pressure of the reservoir will drain the well and the current pressure in the reservoir.
4. The importance of the latter is that it is not pumping a single phase (liquid) two-phase (gas + liquid), because the equation changes Productivity Index as the case, hence why it is necessary know the pressure of the reservoir and its value against its bubble pressure.
5. The mechanical conditions of the well may be another limiting factor so it is necessary to know the characteristics of the completion (diameter of the casing and the open intervals to production).
6. Another factor to consider is certainly the water cut, like most artificial lift systems, it is designed for incompressible fluids, and oil as we know it is understandable, even more so when accompanied by gas.
7. It must also consider the type of reservoir fluid and its characteristics (high viscosity of the fluid is a limiting factor, and in some cases, unconsolidated reservoirs, the fluids produced are accompanied by sand grains and in others are inlaid upon entering the facility, damaging parts)
Steps to design a pumping installation electrosumergible:
Collection of information from the well:
* Diameter, grade and weight of the liners.
* Perforated intervals.
* Estimated depth of the pump.
* Pressure: static and flowing to the midpoint of perforations.
Reservoir Data:
* Bubble Pressure
Production Data:
* Estimated Regime
*% Water
* G.L.R.
* Level Static
* Level Dynamic
Fluid Characteristics:
Oil Specific Gravity
Water Specific Gravity
Oil Viscosity
Additional considerations to take into account:
* Production of Fine
* Corrosion
* Scale
Emulsions *
* Presence of Sales
* Presence of H2S
* High Temperature
Main equations that facilitate the design of an artificial lift system by pumping electrosumergible (BES)
Productivity Index equation (when the pressure is greater than the bubble pressure, flow of a single phase):
Productivity Index equation (when the pressure is less than the bubble pressure, or two-phase flow equation Vogel)
Where:
Qmax: Maximum flow at zero pressure
PWF: Background Fluent pressure (referring to the vertical midpoint of the perforations)
Pr: Pressure from the reservoir to a given flow
q: flow regime PWF pressure
The level (height) of the fluid dynamic pump is calculated considering the pressure from the pump location (usually 100 ‘over the top of the perforations), and finally the submergence of the reservoir pressure at that depth.
The total height is the sum of the heights (pressures) represented by the frictional pressure loss in the tubing and the discharge pressure and the dynamic height, according to the following equation:
Overall height (Ht = Heat). It is the sheepdog that the pump must overcome.
Where:
Ht: Height
Hd: Height of discharge
Hs: Suction Head
Depth of Discharge. It is the algebraic sum of static discharge height and height due to friction losses in the system:
Where:
Hed: Height static discharge (pressure difference between the level of submergence and unloading, feet)
HFD: Height equivalent losses due to friction
Ps: discharge pressure in the separator (feet)
Suction Head. It is the algebraic sum of the static head plus friction losses in the suction of the pump:
Where:
Hes: Pump Vertical Depth (feet)
Hf: Height equivalent to the friction loss (0 feet)
Prs: Pressure from the reservoir to the depth of suction (ft)
To apply the equations is necessary first to determine the optimal value of q from the Vogel equation, the curve plotting the values of the regime (q) vs, dynamic height.
Once found the corresponding height value and the graph will pump performance is selected and the height and the corresponding power per stage, dividing the value of Ht between the height value found, you get the number of stages, then the latter value multiplied by the power (hp) is the total power of the engine brake.
Determination of Dynamic Level:
* Calculate the distance between the midpoint and the top of the holes (vertical)
* There is the algebraic sum of the level of submergence of the pump (1000 ‘) the pressure at the midpoint of the perforations and the distance from the pump at the same point (all in feet)
* Replaced the value found above and the other values in the equation and is the total charge flow regime selected.

to be con't

Geophysical Methods in Hydrocarbon Exploration

Geophysical methods

• Passive:
Method using the natural fields of the Earth, e.g. gravity
and magnetic
• Active:
Method that requires the input of artificially generated
energy, e.g. seismic reflection
• The objective of geophysics
is to locate or detect the presence of subsurface
structures or bodies and determine their size, shape,
depth, and physical properties (density, velocity,
porosity…) + fluid content

• Gravity
• Seismic
• Electromagnetic(Sea Bed Logging)
• Magnetic

Mud Logging: Introduction

Logging System provides a full range of rig monitoring, data acquisition, mud logging and drilling engineering services. The Standard mud logging and rig monitoring services are based around our online computerized units (PSL system). Field Drilling Technique (FDT) and consultancy services (geologists, drilling and petroleum engineers) are available from PetroServices GmbH drilling services pool of experienced and qualified personnel.

Advanced computer systems with applications software augment these services. They can be offered as part of the well site and office based services with configuration to a Client’s specific needs. The online computerized unit (PSL system) can be installed in various forms depending on Client requirements. The PSL system is an intelligent, multi-tasking, real time data acquisition and monitoring system. It accepts inputs from all the sensors and provides real time monitoring with audio-visual alarms and error messages of parameters with output to 18” LCD & 20” Monitors, chart recorders, and printers.

All data variables and interval averages are directly stored in a non-volatile data memory buffer. These are accessed by the applications computers, for data manipulation, permanent data storage, plotting and running applications software (DPIC®).

The Online Server Network Station with DTCIS software® creates a comprehensive database of all drilling and geological parameters on 500 GB hard disk with floppy (1.44 MB) and DVD (8.5 GB) disk back up. Full database management and editing is effected and a range of application programs run to enhance analysis and data interpretation. Real time, color graphic displays are available with the Server Network Station. It displays and stores selected time based information at 2-second intervals.

The scope of the logging systems can be expanded through the transmission to a town office system. Data can be transferred via Dial up communications as well as LAN connections, or just by disc update in ASCII format. When rig operations dictate, printed reports and real time displays (graphic screens) can be produced in the Town office on call by the user. In addition, through batch transfer, time or depth related parameters, can be received on the office PC with full access to all applications software, including log plots, and data printouts. PS Field Staff highly trained, with expertise and experience provides the best in performance drilling. The personnel involved have many areas of expertise: geology, formation evaluation, drilling, pressure evaluation, electrical and Log analysis.

hydrocarbon liquids separation

Transmix/DistillationFractionation

PETROGAS has years of experience in designing and building modular distillation systems. PETROGAS designs systems to meet your application, and builds its units to suit your needs.

Transmix Distillation is a simple process of using heat to separate light hydrocarbon products from a diesel or similar interface fluid.

PETROGAS can work in any size range and any metal or alloy to produce a distillation system that predictably distills fluids.

---

Lean Oil Absorption

A gas with hydrocarbon vapors enters the bottom of an ABSORBER column and flows upward contacting the counter-flowing LEAN OIL system. The LEAN OIL preferentially absorbs the vapors from the gas, becoming ENRICHED OIL.

RICH OIL is sent to a STRIPPER where the absorbed vapors are removed by heating the RICH OIL, vaporizing the absorbed vapors. The rich oil is, thus, regenerated as lean oil and recycled to the ABSORBER to complete the process loop. The vaporized vapors are liquefied and transferred to storage.

PETROGAS Absorption Systems are designed to operate continuously, or intermittently, in a fully automatic mode. PETROGAS offers a basic system, with options to allow each unit to be customized to meet your unique specifications at a fraction of the cost of a custom designed and fabricated system.

PETROGAS systems have proven superior efficiency in the recovery of hydrocarbons and chemicals from vapor streams. PETROGAS Absorption Systems are supplied as complete factory package units, including instrumentation, piping and electrical, on a structural skid.

---

Natural Gas Streams

Gas absorption is an operation in which a soluble component of a gas is dissolved in a liquid.

The PETROGAS absorbent liquid (Lean Oil) selectively absorbs propanes+, or other selected components, from a natural gas stream in accordance with the client specifications for meeting pipeline specifications (by control of the BTU or reduction of the pentanes+) or the economic benefit of the spread between selling liquids as a gas or as a liquid.

The PETROGAS Model A System is available to process natural gas stream flow rates of 5 mcfd to 5,000 mcfd.

natural gas liquids recovery

Gas liquids recovery units are intended to help you meet pipeline sales specifications and/or recover valuable marketable liquids from natural gas. PETROGAS is a recognized leader since 1975, in the design, manufacturing and operation of gas liquids recovery Mini-Plants.

Many natural gas purchasers restrict the liquid content of natural gas entering a gathering system. The restrictions are expressed as thermal value (BTU) and/or pentanes and heavier content. These restrictions are intended to prevent the dangerous condensation and accumulation of liquids in gas transmission lines.

COMPOSITION BTU / SCF	RECOVERY RATE GAL/MCF	TYPICAL SOURCE
3000	24	Storage Tanks
2000	12	Heater Treater
1500	5	Casting Head
1300	3	LP Separator
1200	2	Gas Wells

Applications

Gas Wells: Natural Gas not meeting pipeline specifications with high gas liquids may be conditioned using a PETROGAS Mini Plant. Operators are not fully compensated for liquid components of a natural gas stream. PETROGAS NGL Recovery Plants allow the lease operator to recover liquids prior to the sale of gas. Are your gas sales restricted? Produce more, sell more when you recover liquids

Gas Gathering Systems: Gas pipeline flow rates may be too low to justify a custom constructed plant. PETROGAS NGL Recovery Plants cost less because they are standardized, factory assembled skid modules. Reserve life too short for a custom plant? PETROGAS Plants can be easily moved as the location becomes uneconomical. Casing Head Gas System economies can be greatly improved by liquids recovery. Casing Head gas is normally rich in recoverable liquids.

Injection Gas Stripping: When gas is injected into a formation for storage or repressurization, removal of liquids will reduce equipment maintenance and potential formation blockage. Recovered liquids generate NOW income, not a possible future reserve. Gas lift recycled gas is more effective when the gas liquids are removed and produce extra revenue, too!

Process Gas: Plants receiving fuel from unprocessed sources will encounter excessive maintenance of boilers, injection jets and carbonation of engines. Maintenance can be reduced and additional revenues generated by liquids removal using a PETROGAS NGL Recovery Plant.Improve the quality of METHANE-ETHANE feed stock by the controlled removal of Propane-Butane-Gasoline. Produce a source of Propane-Butane-Gasoline for local consumption.

Fuel Gas Cleaning: Produced natural gas is often too rich in heavier hydrocarbons to be used effectively as a fuel for internal combustion engines. The heavier hydrocarbon components, pentanes, hexanes and heavier will cause excessive carbon deposits and foul engine fuel injection systems, cylinders, etc. Excessively high BTU or pentanes+ fuel gases may void your engine warranty or restrict rentals of natural gas driven equipment, i.e. compressors, generators, etc. PETROGAS offers Fuel Gas Cleaning Systems to remove pentanes+ and give you a fuel gas that will be clean burning and reduce engine maintenance.

Flared or Vented: Low pressure gas from well's casing head, separators, treater, and tank battery vented or flared is more significant than is generally realized. These wasted gases can be processed through a PETROGAS NGL Recovery Plant and yield sizeable revenues to the operator.

Tank Vapor Recovery: Tank vapors emitted to the atmosphere are a significant source of lost revenue and an air pollutant. Recovery by compression has proven to be costly and ineffective. The vapors when compressed return to a liquid state in the pipeline or separator and again vaporize if returned to low pressure storage. Vapors recovered by a PETROGAS Mini-Plant are sold as liquids.

FLUE GAS CONDITIONING

To make your solid emission invisible the efficiency of the electrosatic precipitator must be increased. Pentol’s Flue Gas Conditioning does just this.
The optimisation of the resistivity of the fly ash makes your Precip perform and your stack invisible.

A compact, fully automatic Flue Gas Conditioning System, is installed without requiring a boiler outage. The reduction in solid emission is up to 80%.

Easy operation, low maintenance,
a consequence of Pentol’s thought-out state of the art technologies.

Vapor Recovery Unit Meets Regulations

During loading of motor gasoline at underground storage tanks located at our stations, the liquid introduced displaces vapors from previous loadings that still exist in the tank and those vapors generated by the current product loading. These vapors contain some volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The Clean Air Act of 1990 requires the control of VOC emissions, and the refinery's Marketing Terminal's Vapor Recovery unit meets Clean Air Act (Title 33, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 154) requirements.

Marketing Terminal Vapor Recovery Unit

As a tank truck drops (delivers) new product into the underground storage tank at Chevron stations, the vapors created during the drop are pushed back into the tank truck and stored there.

As the tank truck loads new product at the Marketing Terminal using a "bottom loading" method, the product being loaded into the bottom of the tank pushes the collected vapors into a vapor recovery hose connected to the recovery system. The Adsorb/Absorb vapor recovery unit condenses the vapors, recovering about 2 gallons of gasoline per 1000 gallons loaded product.

Terminal Vapor Recovery Unit

Tanker truck connects to vapor recovery system

Processing Crude Oil

Hi-Tech Process Control

Using the latest electronic technology to monitor and control the plants, operators run the process units around the clock, 7 days a week. From control rooms located in each Operations area, operators use a computer-driven process control system with console screens that display color interactive graphics of the plants and real-time (current) data on the status of the plants. The process control system allows operators to "fine tune" the processes and respond immediately to process changes. With redundancy designed into the control system, safe operations are assured in the event of plant upset.

Refining's Basic Steps

Most refineries, regardless of complexity, perform a few basic steps in the refining process: DISTILLATION, CRACKING, TREATING andREFORMING. These processes occur in our main operating areas – Crude/Aromatics, Cracking I, RDS/Coker, Cracking II, and at the Sulfur Recovery Unit.

Pascagoula Refinery skyline

1. Distillation

Modern distillation involves pumping oil through pipes in hot furnaces and separating light hydrocarbon molecules from heavy ones in downstream distillation towers – the tall, narrow columns that give refineries their distinctive skylines.

The Pascagoula Refinery's refining process begins when crude oil is distilled in two large Crude Units that have three distillation columns, one that operates at near atmospheric pressure, and two others that operate at less than atmospheric pressure, i.e., a vacuum.

Click on image for Distillation Column Diagram

During this process, the lightest materials, like propane and butane, vaporize and rise to the top of the first atmospheric column. Medium weight materials, including gasoline, jet and diesel fuels, condense in the middle. Heavy materials, called gas oils, condense in the lower portion of the atmospheric column. The heaviest tar-like material, called residuum, is referred to as the "bottom of the barrel" because it never really rises.

This distillation process is repeated in many other plants as the oil is further refined to make various products.

In some cases, distillation columns are operated at less than atmospheric pressure (vacuum) to lower the temperature at which a hydrocarbon mixture boils. This "vacuum distillation" (VDU) reduces the chance of thermal decomposition (cracking) due to over heating the mixture.

As part of the 2003 Clean Fuels Project, the Pascagoula Refinery added a new low-pressure vacuum column to the Crude I Unit and converted the RDS/Coker's VDU into a second vacuum column for the Crude II Unit. These and other distillation upgrades improved gas oil recovery and decreased residuum volume.

Using the most up-to-date computer control systems, refinery operators precisely control the temperatures in the distillation columns which are designed with pipes to withdraw the various types of products where they condense. Products from the top, middle and bottom of the column travel through these pipes to different plants for further refining.

Click on image above for Catalytic Cracking Diagram

Click on image above for Hydrocracking Diagram

Click on image above for Alkylation Diagram

Click on image above for Reforming Diagram

2. Cracking

Since the marketplace establishes product value, our competitive edge depends on how efficiently we can convert middle distillate, gas oil and residuum into the highest value products.

At the Pascagoula Refinery, we convert middle distillate, gas oil and residuum into primarily gasoline, jet and diesel fuels by using a series of processing plants that literally "crack" large, heavy molecules into smaller, lighter ones.

Heat and catalysts are used to convert the heavier oils to lighter products using three "cracking" methods: fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), hydrocracking (Isomax), and coking (or thermal-cracking).

The Fluid Catalytic Cracker (FCC) uses high temperature and catalyst to crack 63,000 barrels (2.6 million gallons) each day of heavy gas oil mostly into gasoline. Hydrocracking uses catalysts to react gas oil and hydrogen under high pressure and high temperature to make both jet fuel and gasoline.

Also, about 58,000 barrels (2.4 million gallons) of lighter gas oil is converted daily in two Isomax Units, using this hydrocracking process.

We blend most of the products from the FCC and the Isomaxes directly into transportation fuels, i.e., gasoline, diesel and jet fuel. We burn the lightest molecules as fuel for the refinery's furnaces, thus conserving natural gas and minimizing waste.

In the Delayed Coking Unit (Coker), 105,000 barrels a day of low-value residuum is converted (using the coking, or thermal-cracking process) to high-value light products, producing petroleum coke as a by-product. The large residuum molecules are cracked into smaller molecules when the residuum is held in a coke drum at a high temperature for a period of time. Only solid coke remains and must be drilled from the coke drums.

Modifications to the refinery during its 2003 Clean Fuels Project increased residuum volume going to the Coker Unit. The project increased coke handling capacity and replaced the 150 metric-ton coke drums with new 300 metric-ton drums to handle the increased residuum volume.

The Coker typically produces 6,200 tons a day of petroleum coke, which is sold for use as fuel or in cement manufacturing.

Combining

While the cracking processes break most of the gas oil into gasoline and jet fuel, they also break off some pieces that are lighter than gasoline. Since Pascagoula Refinery's primary focus is on making transportation fuels, we recombine 14,800 barrels (622,000 gallons) each day of lighter components in two Alkylation Units. This process takes the small molecules and recombines them in the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst to convert them into high octane gasoline.

3. Treating (Removing Impurities)

The products from the Crude Units and the feeds to other units contain some natural impurities, such as sulfur and nitrogen. Using a process called hydrotreating (a milder version of hydrocracking), these impurities are removed to reduce air pollution when our fuels are used.

Because about 80 percent of the crude oil processed by the Pascagoula Refinery is heavier oils that are high in sulfur and nitrogen, various treating units throughout the refinery work to remove these impurities.

In the RDS Unit's six 1,000-ton reactors, sulfur and nitrogen are removed from FCC feed stream. The sulfur is converted to hydrogen sulfide and sent to the Sulfur Unit where it is converted into elemental sulfur. Nitrogen is transformed into ammonia which is removed from the process by water-washing. Later, the water is treated to recover the ammonia as a pure product for use in the production of fertilizer.

The RDS's Unit main product, low sulfur vacuum gas oil, is fed to the FCC (fluid catalytic cracker) Unit which then cracks it into high value products such as gasoline and diesel.

4. Reforming

Octane rating is a key measurement of how well a gasoline performs in an automobile engine. Much of the gasoline that comes from the Crude Units or from the Cracking Units does not have enough octane to burn well in cars.

The gasoline process streams in the refinery that have a fairly low octane rating are sent to a Reforming Unit where their octane levels are boosted. These reforming units employ precious-metal catalysts ‑ platinum and rhenium – and thereby get the name "rheniformers." In the reforming process, hydrocarbon molecules are "reformed" into high octane gasoline components. For example, methyl cyclohexane is reformed into toluene.

The reforming process actually removes hydrogen from low-octane gasoline. The hydrogen is used throughout the refinery in various cracking (hydrocracking) and treating (hydrotreating) units.

Our refinery operates three catalytic reformers, where we rearrange and change 71,000 barrels (about 3 million gallons) of gasoline per day to give it the high octane cars need.

Blending

A final and critical step is the blending of our products. Gasoline, for example, is blended from treated components made in several processing units. Blending and Shipping Area operators precisely combine these to ensure that the blend has the right octane level, vapor pressure rating and other important specifications. All products are blended in a similar fashion.

Quality Control

In the refinery’s modernly-equipped Laboratory, chemists and technicians conduct continuous quality assurance tests on all finished products, including checking gasoline for proper octane rating. Techron®, Chevron’s patented performance booster, is added to gasoline at the company’s marketing terminals, one of which is located at the Pascagoula Refinery.

Marine Vapor Recovery System

Loading Displaces Vapors

During loading of bulk liquid tankers or barges, the liquid introduced displaces vapors from previous cargoes that still exist in the tank and those vapors generated by the current cargo loading. The vapors of certain cargoes contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that include hydrocarbons, oxygenated hydrocarbons, and organic compounds containing nitrogen or sulfur.

Chevron MVR System meets federal requirements

The Clean Air Act of 1990 requires the control of VOC emissions, and the Marine Vapor Recovery units at the refinery’s marine facility meet Coast Guard (Title 33, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 154) and Clean Air Act (Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 61 and 63) requirements.

The Pascagoula Refinery’s Marine Vapor Recovery (MVR) system includes two units that serve Berths 2-5 and a separate unit at Berth 6, which is located a good distance away from Berths 2-5.

MVR at Main Product Dock (Berths 2 - 5)

• Units "A" and "B"; each with 35,000 barrels liquid loading per hour vapor recovery capacity; combined vapor recovery capacity 70,000 barrels per hour of liquid loading.
• Recovers vapors from VOC emissions containing vapor pressure of 1.5 psi or greater.
• The process uses Lean Oil Absorption. While a regulated product is being loaded, vapors are recovered from the marine vessels by a header system. This header carries the vapors, either by pressure from loading or pulled by vapor boosters that provide a slight vacuum on the header. The vapors are routed through a chilled absorber, entrained in the Lean Oil, then passed through a series of exchangers, and then into a stripper column where the VOCs are stripped out by heat and held in a holding drum. The recovered VOCs are then pumped in to a crude transfer line for reprocessing.

MVR at Berth 6

MVR at Berth 6 provides vapor recovery for Berth 6 only and has vapor recovery capacity of 8,000 barrels per hour of liquid loading. Like its sister unit at the Main Product Dock, this unit uses the Lean Oil Absorption system, but does not feature the vapor boosters. This unit recovers vapors from special products and chemicals including Penhep, Hydrobate, Heptane, Hexane, Penhex and Straight-run (or unblended) gasoline.

Air Drilling

is used through primarily nonhydrocarbon bearing zones to optimize drilling performance. Our air drilling systems eliminate nonproductive time caused by sticking or lost circulation and are well known for providing record ROPs, which ultimately lead to:

• Decreased costs
• Minimized deviation tendency in faulted formations
• Minimized lost circulation compared to conventional fluid systems

Drilling with air requires additional equipment and fluids to guarantee the safety of the job:

• Downhole equipment: percussion hammers and PDC air hammer bits
• Surface equipment: air compression equipment, rotating control devices, and two-phase separation equipment
• Fluids, chemicals, and related services

Building connection technology for gas and water

Gas and water service connections to buildings using the “Zappo” underground boring building entry system

The affordable production or renewal of building service connections has occupied the minds of civil engineers for many years. Useful savings potentials have mostly been found by attempts to reduce civil engineering costs by implementing innovative procedures or installation methods. One such time, effort and cost-saving advance was the development of the earth-displacing impact mole – primarily used in the trenchless installation of building service connections. This has now become standard equipment for any civil engineering team. Up to recently, however, it was necessary to dig a start/exit trench outside the building, partly to allow proper sealing of the building service entry to the external wall.

Particularly with high-quality surfaces, on patios and built-on areas, trenching is impossible or possible only with considerable expenditure of time, effort and cost. For these reasons, the market had for years been crying out for a process that allowed pipes and cables for all services to be laid directly from the basement and be reliably sealed from the inside. So the idea of underground boring is not new, but what is new is the Zappo building entry system that reliably seals the service entry from inside and outside, using a new sealing concept.

The trend to provide fixed-rate quotations for service provision has brought trenchless techniques increasingly to the fore. In regional gas supply, for example, the pricing of the civil engineering and pipe installation work is frequently charged as only a few items. Since the installation engineers frequently encounter high-grade surfaces, flights of steps or extensive garden planting, particularly in the case of existing buildings, there are frequently only limited possibilities of open trench work to carry out retrospective service connection economically in the current market and competitive situation.

At the same time, it is very advantageous for gas utility sales representatives to be able to dispel any worries potential new gas customers may have of their driveway, patio of lovingly tended garden being ruined by diggers and construction machinery. The same consideration applies to customers facing renovation of the water or electricity connections.

So where there are no fundamental local obstacles to the use of working with impact moling systems, Zappo enables a new quality of site operations. The mole is started on its journey through a 100 mm diameter core drilling from the basement. As the mole advances, it draws in nested 63 mm or 75 mm diameter (gas) underground boring pipes, optionally available in a gas-tight version. In suitable ground conditions, pipe lengths of up to 15 m can be easily laid under the front garden area by experienced operatives. Once laid, the underground boring pipes are directly sealed to the building using the Zappo building entry system.

First or all, a microcellular rubber ring is placed over the underground boring pipe from the inside, and then a special external seal with an integrated injection hose is pushed on. The microcellular rubber ring seals the bored hole in the ground to the outside wall of the building. The swelling rubber pressure seal reliably seals the core drilling to the inside of the building.

The two components are easy to install in the correct position using the appropriate installation aid (Fig. 1), on which all that is necessary is to set the measured wall thickness on a scale.

Fig. 1: Installation aid for fitting the external seal

Once this has been done, a two-component expandable resin is injected into the external area through the injection hose (Fig. 2). The resin expands to securely seal cavities and open spaces on the outside of the building. At the same time, the existing building seal, that has been destroyed in the area around the core drilling, is completely encompassed by the expandable resin.

Fig. 2: Injection of two-component expandable resin

An additional seal unit is then installed into the core drilling from the inside (Fig. 3). The seal on the PE pipe is then achieved by means of a water seal element adapted to the pipe diameter.

As an alternative, a secure, non-pull-out and non-turning industry standard building entry combination for gas can be integrated. The new Zappo building entry system is naturally tested and approved in accordance with the current valid DVGW regulations (VP 601).

Fig. 3: Internal seal for building water connection

The installation of the new Zappo building entry system is almost as fast as installing standard house entry combinations. All the necessary installation tools are provided in a handy tool case. In order to be able to guarantee maximum operational reliability on the construction site for all involved, civil engineering companies are provided with free on-site training by Hauff-Technik staff. The training is intentionally carried out on the construction site to keep the time commitment for the involved companies as short as possible. After completing the installation course, the installation engineers receive a certificate, a copy of which is also sent to the responsible person in the relevant utility supply company.

The philosophy of developing Hauff-Technik products for practical applications in practical use is one that has particularly been pursued in the design of the Zappo underground pipe entry system. On the initiative of Erdgas Schwaben GmbH, Augsburg, installation was carried out on test construction sites with Hauff application technicians, until Zappo and the required tools had been developed sufficiently for market launch. Products did not receive technical approval for Erdgas Schwaben until a number of control trenches had been dug outside the building exterior wall (Fig. 4) to allow a critical assessment. In this context, it was important for Zappo to be able to demonstrate its practical suitability in an extremely diverse range of structural situations.

Fig. 4: Control trench for external seal

The next stage was the market launch of Zappo to suppliers in the local region. Here, too, further test sites with control trenches were implemented before the product standardization stage was reached. A particularly critical eye was cast on the Zappo building entry system by the Kaufbeuren city waterworks. Following installation, the house entry systems were flooded with water to check their water tightness. Once again, Zappo successfully passed this test.

The Zappo building entry system has been marketed throughout Germany for four years and has now been standardized by around 150 city utilities and electricity, gas and water supply companies. Some companies are now starting to consider Zappo as an alternative to conventional trenching in their annual invitations to tender. The new “installation technology” is gaining ground as a result of the positive experiences of customers and the companies carrying out the work. In conclusion, it can be said that installing service connections to buildings by excavation will certainly continue to be a valid option in the future. However, on any critical appraisal of existing procedures, Zappo offers numerous possibilities for handling future domestic service connections more effectively, more economically and particularly in a customer friendlier way.

Formation Evaluation con't 7

Formation Evaluation Software

From integrated freeware utilities for log data and graphics to desktop tools for greater predictive power to rapid, secure access to operational data of known quality, we provide software to empower your formation evaluation.

Freeware Data Utilities

Inspect, filter, and convert digital log data files before they are integrated into interpretation software or data management system with freeware integrated software utilities.

BlueView Log Image Manipulation Software | DataView | Log Data Toolbox | PDSView Software for Viewing Oilfield Graphics Data Files | WellEye 3D Borehole Data Viewer

Geology and Geophysics

From Geology to Geophysics, Petrophysics, Borehole Geology, Mapping & Modeling and Visualization you will find the breadth and depth of desktop tools to give you greater predictive power even for the most complex plays common in today's reservoirs.

Information Management

Reduce the risks and costs associated with poor data quality. Rapid, secure access to operational data of known quality boosts your efficiency and profitability. SIS is the leader in E&P information management solutions, offering tailored combinations of technology and expert consulting services.

Formation Evaluation con't 6

Logging while Drilling

Real-time data from our LWD services let you make timely, informed decisions, reducing time and costs.

Scope services dramatically improve drilling performance, opening a new era in data excellence. You get comprehensive while-drilling data at transmission rates quadruple the industry standard. Increase ROP, improve wellbore stability and hole quality, and optimize well placement for maximum production faster.

VISION formation evaluation and imaging-while-drilling services offer a detailed view of the borehole. This enables you to detect and quantify potential pay zones and geosteer your well precisely to target.

Scope Logging while Drilling

Scope LWD services provide greater efficiency, improved reliability, and better answers that enhance operational safety during drilling. With increased penetration rate, improved wellbore stability and hole quality, optimized well placement, and while-drilling data at transmission rates quadruple the industry standard, this is the leading LWD/MWD technology.

EcoScope

Increases the efficiency and safety of your operations.

PeriScope

Allows unsurpassed ability to see the reservoir during drilling and increase production.

StethoScope

Acquires quality reservoir pressure measurements while drilling in any hole deviation or orientation.

TeleScope

Improves target well placement in less time.

VISION Logging while Drilling

VISION formation evaluation and imaging-while-drilling service delivers accurate measurements while drilling—when they are needed most. Critical drilling decisions can be made to mitigate risk, optimize drilling, accurately evaluate the formation, and place the well in the best place.

adnVISION

Early quantitative measurements help save rig time and cut costs.

arcVISION

Resistivity measurements are transmitted to the surface simultaneously in real time with near-bit inclination measurements.

geoVISION

Azimuthal data provides imaging while drilling for solutions to complex interpretations.

mcrVISION

Improve operating efficiency and measurement performance.

proVISION

Maximize well performance with real-time reservoir steering.

seismicVISION

Get real-time borehole seismic from an LWD tool.

sonicVISION

Drill safely and efficiently with unparalleled, real-time velocity measurements

How DeepLook-EM Crosswell Resistivity Works

To directly measure reservoir resistivity between two wells up to 3,280 ft [1,000 m] apart, the 32.4-ft [9.88-m] DeepLook-EM transmitter antenna in one well broadcasts a continuous sinusoidal signal at a frequency from 5 Hz to 1 kHz, selected by modeling and simulation of the borehole environment, well separation, and formation resistivity. The magnetic moment produced by the transmitter is 100,000 times stronger than the source in a conventional single-well induction logging system.

The transmitter signal induces electrical currents to flow in the formation between the wells. The currents, in turn, induce a secondary magnetic field related to the electrical resistivity of the rock. At the receiver borehole, the DeepLook-EM array of four coil receivers detects the primary magnetic field generated by the transmitter as well as the secondary magnetic field from the induced currents.

For each receiver station, the transmitter in the other well traverses the interval of interest at a logging speed of 2,000 to 5,000 ft/h [600 to 1,520 m/h]. Once a complete transmitter traverse, or profile, is collected for a receiver position, the receiver tool is repositioned, and the process is repeated.

Once all the receiver positions have been logged, the DeepLook-EM interwell resistivity distributions are exported to a field model compiled using Petrel seismic-to-simulation software. The resulting data integration and interpretation provide critical crosswell insight for fluid tracking of water and steam, detecting bypassed pay, and optimizing reservoir characterization.

Formation Evaluation con't 5

Deep Reading Technologies

Enhanced Interwell Resolution Through Crosswell Imaging

The Schlumberger Deep Reading initiative helps you better understand your reservoir by using direct physical measurements of the interwell space. Crosswell electromagnetic imaging and crosswell seismic imaging take you beyond the confines of the near-wellbore volume to illuminate the wider reservoir volume for numerous applications:

• Reservoir characterization: higher resolution measurements of porosity, lithology, and resistivity within an expanded scope of fluid identification, structure determination, and detection of bypassed pay
• Fluid front monitoring: water, steam, and gas injection, CO₂ sequestration, and permanent monitoring of production and injection.

DeepLook-CS

Crosswell seismic imaging

Crosswell seismic imaging of reservoir layers delivers up to 100 times the resolution of surface seismic data by placing both the receivers and source in adjacent wells and imaging the interwell volume. Both direct arrival and reflected information can be processed to provide a detailed subsurface image of the reservoir or zone of interest. Crosswell seismic data improves the understanding of the reservoir geometry and rock properties from the reflection seismogram and details of fluid migration, including steam chambers, from both the velocity tomography and reflection seismogram.

DeepLook-EM

Crosswell Electromagnetic Imaging Service

Crosswell electromagnetic imaging expands the scale investigated by resistivity logging to deliver the big picture. By monitoring fluid distribution and movement on a reservoir scale, EM imaging with the DeepLook-EM system gives you information critical to optimizing sweep efficiency and identifying bypassed reserves.

How it works

Conventional logging is restricted to the near-wellbore volume. The DeepLook-EM enhanced crosswell electromagnetic imaging system illuminates the wider reservoir volume with a transmitter tool deployed in one well and a receiver tool deployed in a second well. EM imaging can be conducted between two wells located up to 1,000 m apart, depending on the well completions and the formation and resistivity contrasts.

Formation Evaluation con't 4

Wireline Conveyance

As well geometries become increasingly complex they present a growing challenge for conveyance. Integrated wireline deployment systems bring the efficiency of wireline operations to deep and highly deviated wells that were previously not wireline accessible. Alternative conveyance of most logging tools on drillpipe, coiled tubing, or wireline tractors is also available to address a wide range of well conditions.

High-Tension Conveyance System

The Schlumberger high-tension conveyance system leads the industry in delivering the strength and efficiency of wireline operations to ultradeep wells. The system pairs high-strength cable with specialized surface equipment to reliably manage high-tension wellbore conditions and improve operational safety for record depths, highly deviated well paths, complex trajectories, and sticking mitigation.

Wireline Deployment

Schlumberger wireline deployment systems provide reliable, efficient conveyance even for deep and complex well trajectories, helping operators avoid costly pipe conveyance and fishing operations. Our super ultrastrength (SUS) cable is the industry’s strongest, deployed with surface equipment specialized for high-tension operations.

TuffTRAC Tractor

Reliably manage high-tension wellbore conditions and improve operational safety for record depths, highly deviated well paths, complex trajectories, and sticking mitigation.

Formation Evaluation con't 3

Wireline Cased Hole Services

Comprehensive Cased Hole Services to optimize lifetime production: Rely on wireline cased hole logging

Cased Hole Services help you understand both your well and your reservoir to optimize lifetime production. Whether you need engineered perforating, production or crosswell cased hole logging, or well integrity evaluation, our comprehensive Cased Hole Services make sure your wells can continue to reach full their production potential, year in, year out.

Minimize risk by proactively identifying and fixing problems encountered during completion and production. All Cased Hole Services are delivered by experts in the field with the support of field-based data interpretation specialists.

Look beyond the immediate well environment to monitor fluid distribution and movement in the reservoir with the DeepLook-EM enhanced crosswell reservoir monitoring system. Track fluid fronts and identify bypassed pay from reservoir-scale resistivity images.

Perforating

You want maximum productivity from your reservoir. Whether in new or existing wells, maximum production depends on optimized perforating.

Production Logging

Get comprehensive downhole flow profiles of three-phase flow environments regardless of well deviation.

Flow Scanner | PS Platform | Memory PS Platform | PL Flagship Advanced Well Flow Diagnosis | RSTPro Reservoir Saturation Tool | MaxTRAC Downhole Well Tractor System

Wireline Conveyance

Leverage the efficiency of wireline operations to deep and highly deviated wells with integrated deployment systems.

High-Tension Conveyance | Wireline Deployment

Deep Reading

Better understand your reservoir by using direct physical measurements of the interwell space for numerous reservoir characterization and fluid front monitoring applications.

DeepLook-CS | DeepLook-EM

ABC Analysis Behind Casing

Obtain essential cased hole logging data under any conditions, find and evaluate bypassed pay, and optimize reservoir management with ABC analysis behind casing.

CHDT Cased Hole Dynamics Tester | CHFR Cased Hole Formation Resistivity

Maximize Your Reservoir Performance

Schlumberger Wireline takes advanced formation evaluation beyond casing for comprehensive reservoir characterization, in situ fluid analysis, sampling, and complex flow monitoring.

Well Integrity

Evaluate cement and quantify casing damage or corrosion with acoustic, ultrasonic, electrical, and mechanical cased hole logging.

Borehole Seismic

Optimize geophysical analysis with high-resolution seismic images from around the borehole.

Wireline Open Hole Services con't 1

In Situ Fluid Sampling and Analysis

Downhole Fluid Analysis, Pressure Measurement, and Sampling

Understand your reservoir with one-trip downhole fluid analysis. Downhole fluid analysis begins with pure-fluid extraction, using flowline resistivity and optical measurements to distinguish between formation fluids and water- or oil-base-mud contamination. Test, analyze, and sample even in low-permeability, laminated, fractured, unconsolidated, or heterogeneous formations. Determine real-time fluid gradients, permeability and permeability anisotropy, and contamination levels. Downhole fluid analysis delivers the quantitative measurements you need, at reservoir conditions, in real time.

InSitu Family

Describe the entire reservoir fluid system in real time by scanning fluid properties in different reservoir zones.

InSitu Density | InSitu Composition | InSitu GOR | InSitu CO2 | InSitu pH | InSitu Fluorescence | InSitu Color | Fluid Profiling

Quicksilver Probe Focused Extraction of Pure Reservoir Fluid

Focus fluid extraction to get the sample purity you need, in a fraction of the time.

MDT Modular Formation Dynamics Tester

Accurately measure reservoir pressure and collect high-quality representative fluid samples.

CFA Composition Fluid Analyzer | LFA Live Fluid Analyzer | MDT Permeability | MDT Single Phase | MDT Low-Shock Sampling
Mechanical Sidewall Coring Tool

Recover 50 sidewall cores in one trip without the damage associated with percussion tools.

CST Chronological Sample Taker

Collect up to 90 core samples in one trip.

Cased Hole Dynamics Tester

Pressure testing and sampling in cased wells.

PressureXpress

Fast, accurate pressure and mobility measurements.

Petrophysics

Accurately characterizing the reservoir requires petrophysical measurements such as resistivity, neutron, density, sonic, and NMR for quantifying effective porosity, saturations, and permeability. In addition to conventional openhole formation evaluation measurements, we also provide state-of-the-art petrophysical evaluation services in cased wells. This technology opens new avenues for the evaluation of bypassed pay, reservoir monitoring, or reevaluation of brownfields where limited openhole data is available.

Platform Services

Integrated wireline logging services with the appropriate triple- or quad-combo technology for your wellbore environment.

Carbonate Advisor

Accounting for the reservoir heterogeneity of carbonate formations on a multiplicity of scales, Carbonate Advisor quantitative producibility and textural analysis is based on a comprehensive suite of petrophysical logging measurements.

Porosity, Permeability, and Lithology

Accurate measurement of fundamental petrophysical properties is required for reservoir evaluation and input for simulation.

Acoustic Wireline Tools

Compressional and shear formation velocity measurements are used to derive the petrophysical properties of porosity, permeability, and rock mechanical properties.

BestDT Sonic Waveform Processing | DSI Dipole Shear Sonic Imager | Sonic Scanner

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

NMR delivers valuable answers for reservoir permeability, radial profiling of fluid volumes, fluid saturations, and direct hydrocarbon characterization.

MR Scanner | CMR
Resistivity Measurements

The determination of R_t, the true formation resistivity, by using either laterlog or induction techniques with varying degrees of complexity

Gamma Ray

The measurement of naturally occurring gamma rays in the formations adjacent to the wellbore is the standard for the correlation of logs in cased and open holes.

Geology

Our borehole imaging services give you microresistivity formation images in both water-base and nonconductive muds. Borehole images are the preferred approach for determining net pay in laminated sediments of fluvial and turbidite depositional environments. Visualizing sedimentary features lets you define important reservoir geometries and petrophysical reservoir parameters, and the interpretation of image-derived sedimentary dip data helps you better understand sedimentary structures. With geological information from the FMI fullbore formation microimager you can stochastically model your sand-shale distribution.

FMI Fullbore Formation MicroImager

Image formation microresistivity in water-base mud, including deviated and horizontal wellbores.

OBDT Oil-Base Dipmeter Tool

Determine formation dip and azimuth along with hole diameter and inclination in nonconductive mud systems.

OBMI Oil-Base MicroImager

Visualize the reservoir with microresistivity imaging in nonconductive invert-emulsion mud systems.

UBI Ultrasonic Borehole Imager

Analyze fractures, stress, and borehole stability with advanced borehole imaging independent of mud type.

Borehole Seismic

Borehole seismic services are crucial to the delineation, discovery, quantification, and monitoring of a reservoir through its entire lifecycle. We provide tools for gathering the high-quality data required to optimize geophysical analysis.

CSI Combinable Seismic Imager

Improve logging efficiency with high-fidelity seismic wavefield recording.

Q-Borehole Integrated Borehole Seismic System

Optimize borehole seismic operations in all logging environments.

Additional Formation Evaluation Services

Cased Hole RFT

Pressure test and sample in cased holes with the cased hole version of the RFT repeat formation tester tool.

Slimhole Repeat Formation Tester

Accurate pressure measurements and fluid sampling in small-diameter boreholes.

Environmental Measurement Sonde

Determine drilling performance and analyze stress with precise borehole-shape evaluation.

Formation Subsidence Monitoring

Monitor formation subsidence or compaction through the detection of gamma rays from markers.

FPIT Free-Point Indicator Tool

Recover pipe more effectively with a combined free-point indicator and backoff system.

LWF Logging While Fishing

Resume logging operations during fishing by converting the fishing job to a drillpipe-assisted log to complete the original descent in the wellbore.

MTT Multi-Isotope Tracer Tool

Clearly analyze your multistage stimulation—at the wellsite—by discriminating between gamma ray–emitting isotopes.

Understand Your Reservoir

Growing demand. Maturing fields. Extreme and complex environments. Unconventional reservoirs. Today, more than ever, an improved knowledge of the subsurface is essential to reduce risk and uncertainty and to optimize the productive life of every field.

Now Schlumberger Wireline gives you everything you need to push boundaries in rock and fluid measurements, including reservoir-scale resistivity imaging with the DeepLook-EM crosswell monitoring system. Assess reserves more accurately. Confidently evaluate each formation. Understand your reservoir.

Deeper Understanding

Schlumberger Wireline improves your insight into formation properties through formation scanning, borehole imaging, fluid sampling, and flow profiling.

Extreme Environments

Take measurement further with a new generation of solutions designed for robustness, reliability, and accuracy.

Greater Flexibility

Get more choice where you need it and ensure the most appropriate technology for every operation.